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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Production and Cost of Mule Logging in Lumber, Pulpwood and Fuelwood Hauling (Case Study: Kheyrud Forest)},pdfauthor={Meghdad Jourgholami, Baris Majnounian},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Fuelwood, mule logging, production costs, pulpwood, sawn-lumber},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Production and Cost of Mule Logging in Lumber, Pulpwood and Fuelwood Hauling (Case Study: Kheyrud Forest)\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Meghdad Jourgholami, University of Tehran, Dept. of Forestry, Zobe ahan streert, 3158777878~Karaj, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{mjgholami@ut.ac.ir}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Meghdad Jourgholami$^{1}$, Baris Majnounian$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Tehran, Dept. of Forestry, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Tehran, Dept. of Forestry and Forest Economy, Iran}}}
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\index[author]{Jourgholami, Meghdad}
\index[author]{Majnounian, Baris}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Log extraction with draught animals continues to be an economically attractive choice in many areas, sometimes even in industrialised countries. As compared with ground"=skidding equipment, the use of draught animals, such as elephants, water buffaloes, oxen, horses and mules, has been shown to reduce soil disturbance, soil compaction and damage to residual trees significantly. Recently, with increasing of environmental interest, concentration on environmentally sound timber extraction and small scale tree harvesting, the proportion of mule logging was increased in Hyrcanian forest. The objective of this study is to develop a standard unified method of data collection to be used to improve the efficiency of mule logging operations. Animal"=powered logging is a labor"=intensive operation. Mule logging still performs in Hyrcanian forest as a small"=scale harvesting alternative. This research was carried out in Namkhaneh district, in Kheyroud Forest and also in order to develop hauling regression models, a continuous time study was used for hauling of sawn"=lumber, pulpwood and fuelwood. This study aims to assess mule logging, production and cost of sawn"=lumber, pulpwood and fuelwood hauling. Regression models were developed for production"=related elements with variance analysis by using SPSS 11.0 statistical programme. The hourly productions of hauling with mule were 0.84, 0.52 and 0.42 cubic meters for sawn"=lumber, pulpwood and fuelwood, respectively. The result showed that hourly cost of mule hauling for sawn"=lumber, pulpwood, and fuelwood logging were 154800, 250000, and 306600 Rial per cubic meters. The results of evaluation test or practices indicated mule hauling operation in Hyrcanian virgin forest and protected forest area can meet economic, silvicultural, environmental, and social objectives. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Fuelwood, mule logging, production costs, pulpwood, sawn"=lumber
\index[key]{Fuelwood}
\index[key]{Mule logging}
\index[key]{Production costs}
\index[key]{Pulpwood}
\index[key]{Sawn"=lumber}
\end{document}