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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effects of Seed Oil Extracts of \textit{Xylopia aethiopica} (Dunal) A. rich on \textit{Callosobruchus maculatus} Fabricius},pdfauthor={Richard Oyewole Alaka},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Cowpea, non-toxicity, pest management},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Effects of Seed Oil Extracts of \textit{Xylopia aethiopica} (Dunal) A. rich on \textit{Callosobruchus maculatus} Fabricius\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Richard Oyewole Alaka, Grace Springs Farms, Production and Community Development, 12 Industrial Estate Road, Ilupeju, Lagos, Nigeria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{wumrich@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Richard Oyewole Alaka}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Grace Springs Farms, Production and Community Development, Nigeria}}}
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\index[author]{Alaka, Richard Oyewole}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
With the growing global demand for environmentally sound pest management strategies, needs have arisen to develop alternative pesticides with minimal toxicity to man and his environment, yet very effective. Hence, the use of natural pesticides"=biologically active principles derived from plants to manage pests, which are cheaper and effective means of conserving our environment, increase crop yield and income of farmers, thereby improving their standard of living.



The effectiveness of seed oil of \textit{Xylopia aethiopica }(Dunal) A. Rich in controlling \textit{Callosobruchus maculatus} (F) on cowpea seeds was investigated under laboratory conditions of 70---\mbox{80\,\%} relative humidity and 27°C-35°C temperature. \textit{Xylopia} seed oil of 2.9 ml applied at 75,000 ppm to the protonum of \textit{C.~maculatus} was found to kill \mbox{50\,\%} of the insect population in 24 hours. Mortality was however lower at some concentrations of 75,000 ppm even when 10 ml of the oil was administered with \mbox{1\,kg} of infested cowpea seeds, the highest record being \mbox{29\,\%}.
 The egg laying ability of the female was not significantly affected with increase in dosage. However, the oil lowered the number of adult \textit{C.~maculatus} that emerged significantly using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).



The seed oil of \textit{Xylopia} sp. did not affect the quality, germinability and the texture of the seed coat of cowpea seeds used for the laboratory experiments. The seed oil was found to be non"=toxic to man and animals but relatively toxic to
 insects. The essential oil of \textit{Xylopia aethiopica} had been reported to control the Kaphra beetle, \textit{Trogoderma granarium}. Further investigations can still be carried out using higher concentrations of the seed oil extracts.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Cowpea, non"=toxicity, pest management
\index[key]{Cowpea}
\index[key]{Non"=toxicity}
\index[key]{Pest management}
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