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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effect of Chloride in Irrigation Water on Some Agronomic Traits  Virginia Flue"=cured Tobacco},pdfauthor={Moolknaz Ghamari, Janat Sarmad, Mahyar Moshtaghi, Ali Reza Safahani Langeroudi, Behnam Kamkar},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agronomic characteristics, Chloride, Irrigation water, virginia tobacco},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Effect of Chloride in Irrigation Water on Some Agronomic Traits  Virginia Flue"=cured Tobacco\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Behnam Kamkar, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Dept. of Agronomy, Basij Square, Gorgan, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{bkamkar@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Moolknaz Ghamari$^{1}$, Janat Sarmad$^{2}$, Mahyar Moshtaghi$^{3}$, Ali Reza Safahani Langeroudi$^{4}$, Behnam Kamkar$^{5}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$M.sc. Student Dept. of Agronomy Islamic Azad University of Ghaemshar Branch, Agronomy, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Asistant Professor. University of Gilan, Agronomy, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$M.sc. Tobacco Institute of Rasht, Agronomy, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Islamic Azad University,  Ghaemshar Branch, Iran, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{5}$Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Ghamari, Moolknaz}
\index[author]{Sarmad, Janat}
\index[author]{Moshtaghi, Mahyar}
\index[author]{Safahani Langeroudi, Ali Reza}
\index[author]{Kamkar, Behnam}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Responses of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) to chloride vary according to tobacco types, cultivars, and methods of fertilisation, cultivation, and harvesting used. The study was conducted at Tobacco institute of Rasht, In this work, the effect of chloride concentration (10 to 80 mg L$^{-1}$) in irrigation water on growth and agronomic and chemical characteristics of Virginia tobacco was evaluated in 2009 out door pot experiment. The results showed that the adverse influence of chloride in irrigation water on plant height and number of leaves per plant was already substantial above 40 mg L$^{-1}$, within 30 days after transplanting. In this period, visual toxicity symptoms of chloride appear on the lower leaves of plants. In addition, the detrimental effects of chloride in irrigation water up to 40 mg L$^{-1}$ on flowering time, chlorophyll content of leaves, above ground fresh weight of plant, total cured product yield and chemical characteristics was significant. The reduced yield of cured product at 80 mg L$^{-1}$ was the result of the adverse effects of chloride on the leaves of the middle and upper stalk position. Leaf chloride concentration was highest in the upper leaves and increased linearly with the increased of chloride level in irrigation water at each leaf position on the stalk. Chloride increased the concentration of reducing sugars in crude leaves at each leaf position. Generally, the optimum chloride level in irrigation water was found to be below 20 mg L$^{-1}$, whereas the 40 mg L$^{-1}$ level was the critical upper threshold to avoid adverse effects on Virginia tobacco. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agronomic characteristics, Chloride, Irrigation water, virginia tobacco
\index[key]{Agronomic characteristics}
\index[key]{Chloride}
\index[key]{Irrigation water}
\index[key]{Virginia tobacco}
\end{document}