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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Kernel Meal from a New Non"=toxic Jatropha Species - \textit{Jatropha platyphylla} - as a Protein Source for Nile Tilapia (\textit{Oreochromis niloticus} L.) Diet},pdfauthor={Akinwale Akinleye, Vikas Kumar, Harinder P. S. Makkar, Miguel Angulo-Escalante, Klaus Becker},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Fish meal replacer, Jatropha platyphylla, kernel meal, nile tilapia, protein source},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Kernel Meal from a New Non"=toxic Jatropha Species - \textit{Jatropha platyphylla} - as a Protein Source for Nile Tilapia (\textit{Oreochromis niloticus} L.) Diet\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Harinder P. S. Makkar, University of Hohenheim, Department of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, 70593~Stuttgart, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{makkar@uni-hohenheim.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Akinwale Akinleye$^{1}$, Vikas Kumar$^{1}$, Harinder P. S. Makkar$^{1}$, Miguel Angulo-Escalante$^{2}$, Klaus Becker$^{1}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Hohenheim, Department of Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, México , Mexico}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Akinleye, Akinwale}
\index[author]{Kumar, Vikas}
\index[author]{Makkar, Harinder P. S.}
\index[author]{Angulo-Escalante, Miguel}
\index[author]{Becker, Klaus}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\small{
\textit{Jatropha platyphylla} (local name: ``sangregrado'') is a drought"=resistant shrub, available in Mexico and belongs to \textit{Euphorbiaceae} family. Its seeds are rich in oil and protein. The kernel meal from \textit{J. platyphylla} obtained after oil extraction  70--\mbox{75\,\%} crude protein. The meal is free of phorbol esters, the main toxins present in other \textit{Jatropha} species; however, it contains phytate, lectin and trypsin inhibitor. Levels of essential amino acids (except lysine) are higher in the meal than soybean meal (SBM). Using Nile tilapia (\textit{Oreochromis niloticus}) fingerlings, a 12-week experiment was conducted to evaluate nutritional quality of heated \textit{J. platyphylla }kernel meal (H-JPKM) and to compare it with that of SBM and fishmeal. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously. The first experiment was in a recirculatory"=system to evaluate the nutritional and haematological responses and the second in a respirometric"=system to evaluate the metabolic responses. Fingerlings, 15 fish; average weight 13.7$\pm$0.21 g for the recirculatory"=system and another 15 fish, 13.9$\pm$0.17 g for the respirometer"=system were randomly distributed in three groups with five replicates for each system. In both experimental set ups the control diet containing fishmeal and the two other diets replacing \mbox{62.5\,\%} of the fishmeal protein with H-JPKM (\textit{Jatropha} group) and SBM (Soybean group) were fed to fingerlings. The last two diets contained phytase at a level of 500\,FTU\,kg\textsuperscript{-1} and all diets were iso"=nitrogenous (crude protein \mbox{36\,\%}). Growth performance, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and energy retention did not differ significantly among the three groups in both experimental (recirculatory and respirometer) set ups. Higher protein productive value was observed in plant protein fed groups; whereas, apparent lipid conversion exhibited reverse trend in both the experimental set ups. RBC count, hematocrit and blood"=glucose were higher in plant protein fed groups than control group, while WBC count, haemoglobulin, calcium and sodium ions, bilirubin, urea"=nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities in blood did not differ significantly among the three groups. Average metabolic rate, energy expenditure per g protein fed and retained in the body were also similar. The results demonstrate that H-JPKM is a good quality protein source for Nile tilapia feed and it can replace \mbox{62.5\,\%} of fishmeal protein in their diet.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Fish meal replacer, \textit{Jatropha platyphylla}, kernel meal, Nile tilapia, protein source
\index[key]{Fish meal!replacer}
\index[key]{Jatropha@\textit{Jatropha!platyphylla}}
\index[key]{Kernel meal}
\index[key]{Nile tilapia}
\index[key]{Protein source}
\index[key]{Tilapia!Nile}
\end{document}