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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Earthworms as Bioindicator for Evaluation of Forest Stand Changes after Disturbance Events},pdfauthor={Yahya Kooch, Seyed Mohsen Hosseini, Jahangard Mohammadi, Seyed Mohammad Hodjati},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Anecic, endogeic, epigeic, PCA, pit and mound, windthrow},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Earthworms as Bioindicator for Evaluation of Forest Stand Changes after Disturbance Events\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Yahya Kooch, Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Forestry, Emam Reza, 1234~Nour, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{yahya.kooch@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Yahya Kooch$^{1}$, Seyed Mohsen Hosseini$^{1}$, Jahangard Mohammadi$^{2}$, Seyed Mohammad Hodjati$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Tarbiat Modares University, Department of Forestry, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Shahrekord University, Soil Sciences, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Natural Resources and Agriculture Sciences of Sari, Department of Forestry, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Kooch, Yahya}
\index[author]{Hosseini, Seyed Mohsen}
\index[author]{Mohammadi, Jahangard}
\index[author]{Hodjati, Seyed Mohammad}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Uprooting trees and pit --- mound micro topographies are due to creation of heterogeneity condition in soil ecosystem.  Pay attention to mountainous condition of hyrcanian forests in Iran and presence of trees with high diameters (old trees), therefore, it is imagined that many of trees are prone to uprooting. In order to investigation of created microsites and soil properties, the Tarbiat Modares University Experimental Forest Station studied that is located in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. For this purpose, twenty hectare areas considered and numbers of thirty four uprooted trees were found. Five microsites were distinguished including mound top, mound wall, pit bottom, pit wall and closed canopy. Soil samples were taken at 0--15, 15--30 and 30--\mbox{45\,cm} depths from all microsites using core soil sampler with 81cm$^{2}$ cross section. PH, water content, organic matter, total nitrogen and carbon to nitrogen ratio measured in the laboratory. The earthworms were collected simultaneously with the soil sampling by hand sorting method. A statistical result is indicating that high water content and low C/N ratio in pit position are the most effective factors for gathering of earthworm groups. The soil dryness is the most important factor in mound landscape, negatively. Results of this study showed that earthworms can be as bioindicator for evaluation of forest stands changes after disturbance events. The windthrow generally reduced the activity and abundance of the earthworms. Our results suggest that windthrow should be considered as an effective factor on pedodiversity that are tied to forest ecology. This is significant for evaluating forest management policies and practices with respect to impacts on soil and also for the use of soils as indicators of forest ecosystems.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Anecic, endogeic, epigeic, PCA, pit and mound, windthrow
\index[key]{Anecic}
\index[key]{Endogeic}
\index[key]{Epigeic}
\index[key]{PCA}
\index[key]{Pit and mound}
\index[key]{Windthrow}
\end{document}