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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Assessing Hydrological Impacts of Wastewater Irrigation on Groundwater: A Case Study from Hyderabad, India},pdfauthor={Rafael Schmitt, Priyanie Amerasinghe, Jerome Perrin, Lauriane Dinis, Shakeel Ahmed, Paul Pavelic},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Crop modelling, irrigation management, irrigation return-flows, waste water irrigation},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Assessing Hydrological Impacts of Wastewater Irrigation on Groundwater: A Case Study from Hyderabad, India\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Rafael Schmitt, ETH Zurich, Environmental Sciences, Im Schilf 4, 8044~Zurich, Switzerland, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{schmittr@ethz.ch}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Rafael Schmitt$^{1}$, Priyanie Amerasinghe$^{2}$, Jerome Perrin$^{3}$, Lauriane Dinis$^{3}$, Shakeel Ahmed$^{4,3}$, Paul Pavelic$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$ETH Zurich, Environmental Sciences, Switzerland}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$International Water Management Institute (IWMI), South Asia Regional Office, India}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$BRGM, Indo French Centre for Groundwater Research (IFCGR), India}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$National Geophysical Research Institute, India}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Schmitt, Rafael}
\index[author]{Amerasinghe, Priyanie}
\index[author]{Perrin, Jerome}
\index[author]{Dinis, Lauriane}
\index[author]{Ahmed, Shakeel}
\index[author]{Pavelic, Paul}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\small{
In the lands adjacent to the Musi-River, downstream of the city of Hyderabad, India, waste"=water reuse for irrigation of various crops is  common. Studies have shown that poor water quality has been a  driver for crop selection in this area and this study describes the methodological approach used to  understand the hydrological impacts and processes on groundwater associated with wastewater irrigation of a variety of crop types.  







A watershed (2.8 km$^{2}$) comprising wastewater- and groundwater"=irrigated  agriculture was selected based on land"=use maps and observations. The watershed was delineated using DEM and GIS data. A crop model (BUDGET) was combined with field measurements, base"=line data on irrigation practices, and land use patterns, to assess the overall water balance. The suitability of the method was validated with questionnaire survey results and available secondary data. 4 Piezometers were installed to assess and monitor groundwater levels and quality. 







Major crops irrigated with wastewater were found to be paragrass (\mbox{20\,ha}), paddy (\mbox{8\,ha}) and leafy vegetables (\mbox{1.8\,ha}). Groundwater was used for paddy (\mbox{6\,ha}) and leafy vegetables (\mbox{1.6\,ha}). Discharge from 17 wells or pumps was measured. Base"=line data for 23 distinct fields were collected. 







The annual irrigation flux was calculated to be 1.6\,$\times$\,10\textsuperscript{6} m$^{3}$ and comprised of \mbox{77\,\%} wastewater, \mbox{23\,\%} groundwater. Return"=flows from irrigation were 0.44\,$\times$\,10\textsuperscript{6} m$^{3}$  and made up of \mbox{60\,\%} wastewater and \mbox{40\,\%} groundwater.







There is neither a difference in the application rate of irrigation for paddy and Paragrass (n=12, $p = 0.12$) (Mann-Whitney-U-Test) nor in irrigation practices between waste"=water and groundwater users (n=10, $p = 0.10$). The  accuracy of survey results and crop modelling is dependant on crop type ($p = 0.043$, n=9) and season ($p = 0.04$, n=9). Piezometric measurements support  differences in return"=flows as modeled.



Groundwater development is low, however, the irrigation return flows  constitute an important source of ground water recharge. Findings indicate further potential for groundwater"=based irrigation in wastewater irrigated areas maximmizing the area under cultivation and  benefits from the available water resources. These preliminary findings are being verified by more in"=depth studies that are presently underway and will finally allow the assessment different land and water use scenarios with regards to groundwater quality and quantity.  



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Crop modelling, irrigation management, irrigation return"=flows, waste water irrigation
\index[key]{Crop!modelling}
\index[key]{Irrigation management}
\index[key]{Irrigation return"=flows}
\index[key]{Waste water irrigation}
\end{document}