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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Performance of Laying Pullets Fed Diets Containing Varying Energy Levels in a Hot Semi"=arid Environment},pdfauthor={Hussaini Mohammed Tukur, Tijjani Ahmad},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Laying pullets, semi-arid climate, temperature},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Performance of Laying Pullets Fed Diets Containing Varying Energy Levels in a Hot Semi"=arid Environment\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Hussaini Mohammed Tukur, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Department of Animal Science, Sokoto, Niue, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{hussaini_tukur@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Hussaini Mohammed Tukur$^{1}$, Tijjani Ahmad$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Department of Animal Science, Niue}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Department of Animal Science, }}}
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\index[author]{Tukur, Hussaini Mohammed}
\index[author]{Ahmad, Tijjani}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In Nigeria, poultry production has been identified as a means of rapidly improving the nutrition and income of small holder farmers. In the semi"=arid north western part of the country, poultry production is facing serious challenges including scarcity of feed and unfavourable weather conditions.  This work was therefore conducted to determine the effect of feeding diets containing varying energy levels on the performance of laying pullets, under natural environmental conditions. Thus, 168 birds were divided into four treatment groups with 42 birds per treatment. The birds in each treatment were further subdivided into three replicates with 14 birds per replicate. Each treatment was fed one of the following diets: Treatment 1 (control: a commercial diet containing \unitfrac[2550]{kcal}{kg} of ME. Treatments 2, 3 and 4 were formulated to contain 2300, 2400 and \unitfrac[2500]{kcal}{kg} of ME. The diets were isonitrogenous (17\%CP) and contained same levels of other nutrients. The birds were reared in battery cages under natural photoperiod (average of 12hrs day length). The experiment was conducted from the 37\textsuperscript{th} to the 69\textsuperscript{th} week of age of the birds, during which feed and water were offered ad libitum. Temperature of the pen was monitored using a minimum and maximum thermometer. Feed intake and egg production were monitored daily, while egg weight was recorded weekly. Results showed that feed intake decreased with increasing dietary energy density ($p < 0.05$).  Egg production, egg weight and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the dietary treatments. Average egg production was \mbox{67\,\%} during the cool season when the mean ambient temperature was 26°C, and declined to \mbox{57\,\%} during the hot season when the average room temperature was 29°C. A negative relationship (Y=163.5--3.6X) was therefore established between egg production (Y) and room temperature (X) (r=0.644, $p = 0.061$). A similar trend was observed with feed intake (Y=178.5--2.66X) (r=0.713, $p = 0.031$).  These results indicate that any effort to improve the productivity of laying birds in this ecological zone must be geared towards minimising the effects of heat stress.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Laying pullets, semi"=arid climate, temperature
\index[key]{Laying pullets}
\index[key]{Semi"=arid climate}
\index[key]{Temperature}
\end{document}