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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effect of Salt and Drought Stress During Germination and Early Seedling Growth in \textit{Lolium perenne} L. and \textit{Bromus tomentellus} Boiss},pdfauthor={Farzaneh Gholami, Ghasemali Dianati Tilaki, Kamal Ghasemi Bezdi, Behzad Behtari},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Bromus tomentellus, drought, germination, Lolium perenne, salinity, stress},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Effect of Salt and Drought Stress During Germination and Early Seedling Growth in \textit{Lolium perenne} L. and \textit{Bromus tomentellus} Boiss\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Farzaneh Gholami, Tarbiat Modares University, Natural Resources, P.O.Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{f_gholami_64@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Farzaneh Gholami$^{1}$, Ghasemali Dianati Tilaki$^{1}$, Kamal Ghasemi Bezdi$^{2}$, Behzad Behtari$^{1}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Tarbiat Modares University, Natural Resources, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Cotton Research Institute Gorgan, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Gholami, Farzaneh}
\index[author]{Dianati Tilaki, Ghasemali}
\index[author]{Ghasemi Bezdi, Kamal}
\index[author]{Behtari, Behzad}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Determination of plant resistance to drought and salinity stress is very important for selecting the favourable plant species in rangelands. Seed germination is an important phase of plant development during which soil water availability is crucial. Salinity can affect seed germination in two ways: 1) Change of osmotic potential of available water, 2) toxicity of ion effects as Na$^{+}$ and Cl$^{-}$. In this experiment, two species of \textit{Lolium perenne }L. and \textit{Bromus tomentellus} Boiss were evaluated at germination and early growth for salinity stress with NaCl and drought stress induced by PEG 6000 at the same water potentials of 0.0, $^{-2}$, $^{-3}$ and -4 bar. The objective of study was to determine factors responsible in seed germination and early seedling growth due to salt stress (ion effect) or drought stress (osmotic effect). For this purpose, factorial experimental arranged in a completely randomised design with three replications and 50 seeds per replicate. A significant three"=way interaction (species, iso"=osmotic solution (PEG and NaCl) and water potentials level) was found ($p > 0.05$) in percentage germination, root length and recovery percentage. Results showed that maximum germination percentage was obtained in lowest salinity (distilled water). Generally by increasing salinity and drought stress both traits of germination percentage and root length were reduced. Both these traits were influenced by salt and osmotic stresses, but the most inhibiting salinity level for these traits was -4 bars. It was concluded that inhibition of germination at the same water potential of NaCl and PEG resulted from salt toxicity of ion rather than osmotic effect. In fact, effects of salinity stress were more pronounced than drought stress. The response of two species to salinity varied so, that \textit{L. perenne} was tolerant salt and drought than \textit{B. tomentellus}. There is potential for including \textit{L. perenne} in remediation and revegetation projects in areas affected by salinity and drought stresses. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} \textit{Bromus tomentellus}, drought, germination, \textit{Lolium perenne}, salinity, stress
\index[key]{Bromus tomentellus@\textit{Bromus tomentellus}}
\index[key]{Drought}
\index[key]{Germination}
\index[key]{Lolium perenne@\textit{Lolium perenne}}
\index[key]{Salinity}
\index[key]{Stress}
\end{document}