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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Importance of Pollinator Services of a Sacred Landscape Mosaic to Coffee Production},pdfauthor={Smitha Krishnan, Jaboury Ghazoul},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Bees, coffee production, forest fragments, pollinator services, sacred groves},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Importance of Pollinator Services of a Sacred Landscape Mosaic to Coffee Production\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Smitha Krishnan, ETH Zurich, Environmental Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 16, CH-8092 ~Zurich, Switzerland, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{smitha.krishnan@env.ethz.ch}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Smitha Krishnan, Jaboury Ghazoul}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{ETH Zurich, Environmental Sciences, Switzerland}}}
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\index[author]{Krishnan, Smitha}
\index[author]{Ghazoul, Jaboury}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Many studies have shown that proximity to natural habitats, particularly contiguous forests enhances crop productivity and quality through the provision of pollinator services. This study was conducted in a unique landscape with a high density of forest fragments (1214 forest fragments in 4100km$^{2}$) interspersed in a matrix of coffee plantations, paddy fields and human settlements. The coffee plantations are shaded with a high density of native trees (256$\pm$181/ha). This study is unique especially because of the uniqueness of the landscape. This paper addresses the following questions: 1. does distance from the forest have an effect on pollinator abundance at a local scale, 2. do pollinators contribute to coffee production and seed quality, 3. does the  adjoining forest size have an effect  0n pollinator abundance in coffee plantations.



The study was conducted in coffee plantations at 5 distance classes ($<$10, 50, 100, 250, \mbox{500\,m}) each from the forest edge. The study was carried out at 41 forest fragments of varying dimensions (previous studies are based on observations with respect to 2--3 forest fragments).



Distance from the forest did not have a significant affect on pollinator diversity or abundance on coffee flowers. Mass flowering in coffee initiated by rain attracted fewer pollinators than in sites with isolated flowering initiated by irrigation. Pollinator abundance increased fruit production and fruit quality. Size of the adjoining forest has a significant positive influence on pollinator abundance. 



Our study confirms the importance of pollinator services for coffee, but finds no local distance effect of declining service with increasing distance from forest margins. Instead, pollinator services at plantation scales are better explained by the size of nearby forest patches.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Bees, coffee production, forest fragments, pollinator services, sacred groves
\index[key]{Bees}
\index[key]{Coffee production}
\index[key]{Forest!fragments}
\index[key]{Pollinator services}
\index[key]{Sacred groves}
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