\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Resource Use in Paddy Rice Production in Nigeria: Comparative Assessment Between Small Scale Farms in two Agro"=ecological Zones in Nigeria},pdfauthor={Taiwo Amos},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Credit, Farmers, Fertiliser, paddy Rice, Profit, Resource},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2010.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2010.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Resource Use in Paddy Rice Production in Nigeria: Comparative Assessment Between Small Scale Farms in two Agro"=ecological Zones in Nigeria\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Taiwo Amos, Federal University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Elekiran Agun Layout, 30001~Akure, Nigeria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{ttamos2001@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Taiwo Amos}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Federal University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Nigeria}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Amos, Taiwo}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Productivity in Rice production is very essential for food security in Nigeria. The study examined and compared the resource use on rice farms by small"=scale rice farmers in the rain forest and the savannah agro"=ecological zones in Nigeria. for the study, rice farmers were sampled using a multi stage sampling technique from a list of farmers in four villages from two Local government Areas in Ekiti (rain forest zone) and in Kogi (Savannah zone) States each.  A total of 480 small"=scale rice farmers were sampled and cross sectional data were collected from the farmers. Data collected were analysed using econometric tools of production function. 



Results show that farmers in Ekiti state were of higher level of education compared to their Kogi State counterpart and were fairly younger. The farmers in kogi however had higher farm size compared to their Kogi State counterpart. The farmers in Ekiti were also observed to be making more profit of N$_{2}$19,277.41 as against N190,778.53 per hectare made by their Kogi State counterpart. Returns to scale also showed that both set of farmers were in the early stage in the production process. However while the farmers in Ekiti State were efficiently utilising their  land, fertiliser and herbicides, their counterparts in Kogi State were only efficient in the use of fertiliser and seed.  Problems confronting the farmers non inadequate input supply, high cost of labour and high cost of credit. The study concluded that policy variables for consideration are level of education, availability of farm inputs at affordable prices and credit availability.



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Credit, Farmers, Fertiliser, paddy Rice, Profit, Resource
\index[key]{Credit}
\index[key]{Farmers}
\index[key]{Fertilizer}
\index[key]{Paddy Rice}
\index[key]{Profit}
\index[key]{Resource}
\end{document}