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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Hordeum Murinum L. Population under Site"=specific and Conventional Herbicide Application},pdfauthor={Hassan Makarian},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Geostatistics, hordeum murinum, Patch spraying, Saffron},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Hordeum Murinum L. Population under Site"=specific and Conventional Herbicide Application\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Hassan Makarian, Shahrood University of Technology, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Shahrood University of Technology- P. O. Box: 36155-316 Shahrood – Iran., Shahrood, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{h.makarian@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Hassan Makarian}}
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\item[]{\small{\textit{Shahrood University of Technology, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Iran}}}
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\index[author]{Makarian, Hassan}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Intensive field surveys of Hordeum murinum L. were conducted over the consecutive growing seasons (2005 and 2006) in two saffron (Crocus sativus L.) fields (field a: broadcast herbicide application and field b: patchy herbicide application), located in Boshrooyeh (33° North latitude, 57° East longitude), Southern Khorasan, Iran. Geostatistical techniques were used to characterise the spatial and temporal variability of H. murinum density. Data from the study were used to design precise herbicide application. The density and spatial distribution of H. murinum varied with year and fields. The H. murinum density maps achieved by kriging were used to estimate the percentage of surface susceptible to be treated with a site"=specific herbicide treatment based on a weed threshold value of one shoot m$^{-2}$. The percentage of spatial autocorrelation before treatment was 79.9 and 61.9 at a and b fields respectively in 2005. But in 2006 at a and b fields it was 80.8 and 71.9 percent respectively. Indicating a strong and moderate spatial dependence of H. murinum in a and b fields respectively in two years. After broadcast application of herbicides the percentage of autocorrelation was reduced from 79.9 to 73.1 in  2005(first growing season) and from 80.8 to 78.8 in 2006(second growing season).  But after patchy application it was increased from 61.9 to 79.8 during the first growing season and from 71.9 to 82.7 during the second growing season. The level of weed control was greater in broadcast than patchy application of herbicide in each year. In patchy weed control treatment, herbicide use was reduced by 64 and 45 percent than broadcast treatment in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. In patchy herbicide treatment, the area exceeding the economic threshold was increased from 36 in the first growing season to 55 percent in the second growing season. However at broadcast application treatment it was 66 and 65 percent in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Our results nominated this idea that H. murinum would not be a good candidate for site"=specific herbicide application.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Geostatistics, hordeum murinum, Patch spraying, Saffron
\index[key]{Geostatistics}
\index[key]{Hordeum murinum}
\index[key]{Patch spraying}
\index[key]{Saffron}
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