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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Standard"=based International Certification Systems for Sustainable Plant Production with Special Emphasis on Plant Protection and Smallholder Farmers},pdfauthor={Uwe Meier},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agricultural ethics, certification systems, small holders},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Standard"=based International Certification Systems for Sustainable Plant Production with Special Emphasis on Plant Protection and Smallholder Farmers\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Uwe Meier, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre  for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Messeweg 11/12, Braunschweig, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{uwe.meier@jki.bund.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Uwe Meier}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre  for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Germany}}}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The challenge of globalising markets is nowhere greater than in the primary food sector and in future in the sector of tropical plant bio fuel. To ecological and social production terms in global markets can be reacted only worldwide. Governments of single states have only little influence. Influence have worldwide player, like international commercial groups, WTO and international NGOs. The impact of the NGOs should be strengthened because they are competent with a  high credibility.



Since the beginning of the 90\textsuperscript{th} ecological and social standard"=based certification systems developed. They could be established by agrian companies voluntarily. Today this system of the voluntary certification of the environmental and social achievement of agrarian companies is set up and grows very fast. 



All c"=systems are based on standards and criteria which are controlled from more or less independent certification companies. The advantages of the c"=systems are the transparency of the production terms and that very fast new knowledge can be introduced in practice. The closely expert  advice is advantageous also.



The disadvantages are the bureaucratic expenditure and the costs. The biggest problem is the credibility. This is rapid in growth with big c"=systems and with c- systems of company organisations. 



For small holders the most systems have special programs. Small holders can take part in groups or cooperatives in the different programs. 



The international agrarian certification is not liked at many agrarian enterprises and also not at governments. It is popular with NGOs ,international trade and the processing industry.



In addition,NGOs can get with this c systems influence on the agricultural production worldwide. Cooperations with trade and the processing industry are strategical partnerships. Decisively for the worldwide inplemetation of c systems and their credibility will be the prices. If more transparence and quality is required by trade and consumer, must higher prices will accept.







About the efficiency of this c systems up to now there are marginal scientific research. Interdisciplinary research projects (economy, social, ecology, culture = agricultural ethics) is absolutely necessary in this area.







}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agricultural ethics, certification systems, small holders
\index[key]{Agricultural!ethics}
\index[key]{Certification systems}
\index[key]{Small holders}
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