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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effect of Sustainable Livelihood on Trees Cover in Semi Arid Zone, in White Nile State, Sudan},pdfauthor={Abdelnasir Ibrahim Ali Hano, Elamin Sanjak Mohamed Ali},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Liquefied petroleum gas, livelihood, rural, semi arid and white Nile , sustainable, wood fuel},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Effect of Sustainable Livelihood on Trees Cover in Semi Arid Zone, in White Nile State, Sudan\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Abdelnasir Ibrahim Ali Hano, University of Khartoum, Faculty of Forestry, Gerok str 38/0701, 01307~Dresden, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{nasirhanno@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Abdelnasir Ibrahim Ali Hano$^{1}$, Elamin Sanjak Mohamed Ali$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Khartoum, Faculty of Forestry, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Khartoum, Faculty of Forestry, }}}
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\index[author]{Hano, Abdelnasir Ibrahim Ali}
\index[author]{Sanjak Mohamed Ali, Elamin}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Sudan derives more than \mbox{75\,\%} of its energy requirements from wood fuel (WF), estimated at 22 million m$^{3}$ per year, (equivalent to about 400 million acacia trees being cut annually). The annual consumption per capita is estimated at 0.67 m$^{3}$ for Northern Sudan and the dependency of rural household on Wood fuel is estimated more than \mbox{95\,\%}. So the utilisation and dependency of people particularly villagers of Sudan on WF constitutes one of the main causes of trees cover depletion and land degradation. This study attempt to investigate the possibility of enhancing the resilience of local communities at rural areas through adoption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for sake of mitigating pressure on tree cover for the period 1999 --- 2009 which witnessed the discovery of oil. This study was conducted at Geteina province in White Nile State, it lies south of Khartoum (capital of Sudan). Social survey (questionnaire) was conducted at ten selected villages. A random sample of 100 respondents was selected for this study. The results indicated that the adoption of LPG by rural families is medium (\mbox{47\,\%}), while the adoption of (LPG+WF), WF, (WF+ kerosene), (LPG+WF+ residues), kerosene, (WF+ residues) and solar stoves was \mbox{35\,\%}, \mbox{8\,\%},   \mbox{3\,\%}, \mbox{3\,\%}, \mbox{2\,\%}, \mbox{1\,\%}, and \mbox{1\,\%}, respectively. The ratio of LPG and WF was \mbox{63\,\%} and \mbox{37\,\%}, respectively. This indicates that 1999 to 2009 there was dramatic shift in the source of energy, for instance utilising LPG instead of WF in their cooking, which it decrease the pressure on trees cover. The study concluded that the fruits of rural development are represented in the adoption of LPG which contributes in the sustainable management of forests in the semi arid areas. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Liquefied petroleum gas, livelihood, rural, semi arid and white Nile , sustainable, wood fuel
\index[key]{Liquefied petroleum gas}
\index[key]{Livelihood}
\index[key]{Rural}
\index[key]{Semi arid and white Nile }
\index[key]{Sustainable}
\index[key]{Wood fuel}
\end{document}