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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Management of Conjunctive Water Across Tertiary Canal System in Punjab"=pakistan},pdfauthor={Muhammad Usman, Iftikhar Iftikhar, Sarfraz Sarfraz},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={  Groundwater Productivity , conjunctive water, Gross Margin, Gross Value of Product, Tertiary Canal System},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Management of Conjunctive Water Across Tertiary Canal System in Punjab"=pakistan\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Muhammad Usman, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Irrigation and Drainage, Lecturer Deptt. of Irrigation and Drainage, 38040~Faisalabad, Pakistan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{usman_1348@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Muhammad Usman$^{1}$, Iftikhar Iftikhar$^{2}$, Sarfraz Sarfraz$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Irrigation and Drainage, Pakistan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Agriculture, Peshawar-pakistan, Water Management, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-pakistan, Agricultural and Resource Economics, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Usman, Muhammad}
\index[author]{Iftikhar, Iftikhar}
\index[author]{Sarfraz, Sarfraz}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The study was conducted to find variations in conjunctive water Management practices across the selected sampled watercourses of the Lagar Distributory of Upper Gogera branch of Lower Chenab Canal. Based on stratified random sampling 120 farmers were interviewed in total, ten each at head middle and tail reaches of the four sampled watercourse using structured questionnaire performa. Trajectory method was used to measure discharge of selected tubewells across channel reaches. Water samples collected from these wells were analysed in laboratory for electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio and residual sodium carbonate to find groundwater quality status across the water course reaches.



Both surface and groundwater are being used in the area for irrigation, either in isolation or jointly, with groundwater providing major share of the total irrigation. The area under conjunctive use of water decreased from \mbox{78\,\%} at head to \mbox{46\,\%} at tail due to decrease in canal water supply toward tail reaches of the watercourse, while area under only groundwater irrigation increased from \mbox{20\,\%} at head to \mbox{54\,\%} at tail. Analysis of groundwater samples showed that majority of the tubewells in the area across water channel are not of groundwater of good quality. EC, SAR and RSC ranged between 1.27--\unitfrac[1.55]{ds}{m}, 6.39--9.54 and 3.75--\unitfrac[4.18]{mmol}{lit} respectively with higher values towards tail. Groundwater productivity of wheat was higher at head than middle and tail, mainly due to comparatively less application of groundwater at head. While groundwater productivity of rice did not vary much across the water channel, because the high water demand of the crop was mostly met by groundwater at all locations. Conducive soil conditions and more reliance on reliable and groundwater for timely irrigation supplies resulted in greater gross value of product (GVP) and gross margins at the tail. 



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:}   Groundwater Productivity , conjunctive water, Gross Margin, Gross Value of Product, Tertiary Canal System
\index[key]{  Groundwater Productivity }
\index[key]{Conjunctive water}
\index[key]{Gross Margin}
\index[key]{Gross Value of Product}
\index[key]{Tertiary Canal System}
\end{document}