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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Residual Effect of some Herbicides on Germination and Growth of Wheat  },pdfauthor={Fathi Omer, Nahalah Saleem, Ahmaed Khalaf},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Germination, herbicides, residual effect, wheat},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Residual Effect of some Herbicides on Germination and Growth of Wheat  \footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Fathi Omer, Duhok University, College of Agriculture, Horticulture, Duhok, 00964~Duhok, Iraq, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{fathimezory@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Fathi Omer$^{1}$, Nahalah Saleem$^{2}$, Ahmaed Khalaf$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Duhok University, College of Agriculture, Horticulture, Iraq}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Duhok University, College of Agriculture, Soil and Water, Iraq}}}
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\index[author]{Omer, Fathi}
\index[author]{Saleem, Nahalah}
\index[author]{Khalaf, Ahmaed}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Lab experiment was conducted at Agricultural College, Duhok University at 2010 season under laboratory conditions (25--30\&\#9702;C), to investigate the residual or remaining effect of some treatments included hand hoeing, gramaxon (general herbicides, \unitfrac[4000]{ml}{hectare}), trifluralin (soil herbicide \unitfrac[2400]{ml}{hectare}), aloxy (Haloxyfop"=p-Methyl \mbox{10.8\,\%} EC, \unitfrac[750]{ml}{hectare}, which is selective herbicide used for controlling narrow leaved weeds in broad leaved crops) and check or control treatment that have been applied at the chickpea field for controlling weeds in previous season on germination and growth of wheat (\textit{Triticum astivum} L.). The samples of soil were taken from two depths manually (10 and \mbox{20\,cm}) and 25 seeds were planted in each pot under field capacity. The germination percentage was determined before planting which was \mbox{98\,\%}. The data were designed as randomised complete block design (RCBD) and statically analysed using SAS system and Duncan multiple range tests was used for discussing the results at probability 0.05. The results showed that all herbicides significantly reduced the germination percentage, but trifluralin gave the lowest percentage (\mbox{68.67\,\%}) as compared to control or other treatments, whereas the length of seedling and seedling dry weight were not affected significantly by treatments. The interaction of \mbox{10\,cm} depth with triflurain herbicide significantly influenced on all traits under the study which gave \mbox{61.33\,\%}, \mbox{10.40\,cm}, and 7.33 gm for each of germination percentage, seedling length, and seedling dry weight respectively. The effect of soil depth was not significant on all traits under investigation.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Germination, herbicides, residual effect, wheat
\index[key]{Germination}
\index[key]{Growth}
\index[key]{Herbicides}
\index[key]{Wheat}
\index[key]{Residual effect}
\end{document}