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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Governance Modes of Vegetable Value Chains in Northern Tanzania},pdfauthor={Marc Zoss, Joannes Mkombozi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Governance modes, Tanzania, value chain, vegetables},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Governance Modes of Vegetable Value Chains in Northern Tanzania\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Marc Zoss, ETH Zurich, Agri-food \& Agri-environmental Economics Group, ETH-Zentrum, SOL E5 Sonneggstrasse 33, Zürich, Switzerland, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{mzoss@ethz.ch}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Marc Zoss$^{1}$, Joannes Mkombozi$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$ETH Zurich, Agri-food \& Agri-environmental Economics Group, Switzerland}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$, }}}
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\index[author]{Zoss, Marc}
\index[author]{Mkombozi, Joannes}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Vegetables are considered to be part of the fast"=growing high"=value agriculture. Since vegetable cultivation is labour"=intensive and can potentially contribute to poverty alleviation, the topic of marketing vegetables has gained considerable attention within the research for development discourse. However, the literature mainly focussed on vegetables grown in developing countries for export to industrialised countries while domestic vegetable marketing in developing countries has been mostly neglected.



Using a new institutional economics approach, a case study analysis was carried out in Northern Tanzania in 2009 to identify and analyse the governance modes of vegetable value chains and smallholder producer involvement. Following Menard, value chain governance is conceptualised as different organisational arrangements implemented by value chain actors to facilitate production and transactions of vegetables. Modes of governance range from pure spot"=markets to entire hierarchy through vertical integration. 



Qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, semi"=structured questionnaires with value chain operators, and value chain mappings were used to classify the vegetable sector into the following value chain types: Domestic local green markets, major urban green markets, seed production, processed vegetables, institutional buyers and tourism industry, and fresh vegetable exports. 



The governance mode observed is mainly based on the required product quality specifications. Basic vegetables traded as generic commodities and having little particular quality requirements are traded mostly by spot"=markets arrangements throughout the chain. On the other side, vegetables with higher quality requirements, such as vegetable export or supply to the upper"=end catering segment, are governed by hybrid or even hierarchical organisational arrangements. 



Regarding the development relevance, it is important not to focus exclusively on export"=oriented production and marketing, but also to acknowledge that the default vegetable value chain in many parts of Africa is - and will remain at least in the medium run - the domestic green markets governed by spot"=market arrangements with their implications for producers.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Governance modes, Tanzania, value chain, vegetables
\index[key]{Governance modes}
\index[key]{Tanzania}
\index[key]{Value chain}
\index[key]{Vegetables}
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