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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Modern Food Supply Chains, Female Employment and Child Education: Evidence from Senegal},pdfauthor={Miet Maertens, Ellen Verhofstadt},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agro-industrialisation, child education, female employment, horticulture , instrumental variable method, labour market effects, modern food supply chains},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Modern Food Supply Chains, Female Employment and Child Education: Evidence from Senegal\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ellen Verhofstadt, Catholic University Leuven, Division Agricultural and Food Economics, Celestijnenlaan 200 E, B-3001~Heverlee, Belgium, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{ellen.verhofstadt@ees.kuleuven.be}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Miet Maertens$^{1}$, Ellen Verhofstadt$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Catholic University Leuven, LICOS - Centre for Transition Economics, Belgium}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Catholic University Leuven, Division Agricultural and Food Economics, Belgium}}}
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\index[author]{Maertens, Miet}
\index[author]{Verhofstadt, Ellen}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Modern food supply chains --- comprising the production and trade of high"=value produce, usually destined for export or supermarket retail --- are expanding rapidly across developing regions. These chains are often characterised by high degrees of vertical coordination, consolidation of the supply base and agro"=industrialisation. Most studies analysing the development implications of the spread of modern food supply chains have focussed on the exclusion of smallholder producers and point to detrimental poverty effects. Only some recent studies have pointed to the importance of employment effects and came to different conclusions. In this paper we focus on these labour market effects and analyse the consequences of agro"=industrialisation in horticulture export chains for female wage employment, female control over income and child education; with empirical survey"=based evidence from Senegal. This focus is extremely relevant since horticulture exports boomed since the mid 1990s and have been accompanied by agro"=industrialisation and a feminisation of the rural labour market; and since school enrolment rates in Senegal are substantially below Sub-Saharan African average. Using survey data from 450 households in Les Niayes, the main horticulture export region in Senegal, we show that export growth has resulted in a tremendous increase in off"=farm employment and wage income, especially among poorer households and for 75 percent assumed by  women. We find that school attendance among children aged between 6 and 15 is as low as 48 percent -  and larger for boys (52 percent) than for girls (43 percent) - and that there is a large delay of on average 3.8 years in school enrolment. We econometrically analyse the effect of this female employment on child education using different models and instrumental variable methods to correct for potential endogeneity problems. The results indicate that a 1 percent increase in the share of female"=earned wage income results in a significant increase of around 3 percentage points in the probability that a child is actually attending school, with effects being somewhat lower for girls as compared to boys. With these results, this study is the first to measure and analyse more long"=term effects of supply chain modernisation in poor countries.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agro"=industrialisation, child education, female employment, horticulture , instrumental variable method, labour market effects, modern food supply chains
\index[key]{Agro"=industrialization}
\index[key]{Child education}
\index[key]{Female employment}
\index[key]{Horticulture }
\index[key]{Instrumental variable method}
\index[key]{Labour market effects}
\index[key]{Modern food supply chains}
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