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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Challenges and Issues for Smallholders in Organic"=fair Trade Agri"=food Chains: Evidence from Mali},pdfauthor={Famory Sinaba, Joost Dessein, Johan Bastiaensen, Ludwig Lauwers , Bino Teme},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Certificates, certification scheme, fair trade, global markets, labels, local institutions, north-south trade, organic farming, smallholders, value chains},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Challenges and Issues for Smallholders in Organic"=fair Trade Agri"=food Chains: Evidence from Mali\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Famory Sinaba, Flemish Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Social Sciences Unit, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115, 9820~Merelbeke, Belgium, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{famory.sinaba@ilvo.vlaanderen.be}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Famory Sinaba$^{1}$, Joost Dessein$^{1}$, Johan Bastiaensen$^{2}$, Ludwig Lauwers $^{1}$, Bino Teme$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Flemish Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Social Sciences Unit, Belgium}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Antwerp University, Institute of Development Policy Management (IOB), Belgium}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Institut d’Economie Rurale (IER), Mali}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Sinaba, Famory}
\index[author]{Dessein, Joost}
\index[author]{Bastiaensen, Johan}
\index[author]{Lauwers , Ludwig}
\index[author]{Teme, Bino}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Organic farming and fair trade certified chains have emerged in West-Africa since the 1990s in answer to new alternative markets in developed countries. These chains, involving actors from North and South, are seen as an opportunity to sustainably valorise the small peasants agriculture in Africa and include the smallholders in global markets. Certification and labelling systems accompany these chains in developed countries. The multiplication of these certification and labelling systems can limit smallholder's participation in these new trade networks. The aim of this article is to analyse the challenges and the impacts on smallholders of this new North- South trade regime established by certificates and labels. 



This article uses the theory of Global Value Chains as analytical and conceptual framework. The empirical framework consists of four cases of certified organic farming and fair trade product chains (organic sesame; organic- fair sesame; fair cotton and organic- fair cotton) in Mali (Southern country) and in Belgium and France (Northern countries). This paper focuses on the literature of international organic and fair trade food and on data that are gathered during our inquiry based on a questionnaire with the chains stakeholders in the south and in the north. The chains upstream inquiry was conducted in Mali with individuals producers, producers organisations, exporters; and the downstream inquiry was conducted in Belgium and France with European importers, distributors and certifications bodies. 



The results show that the new North- South regime established by organic and fair certificates and labels has a potential impact on the negotiation power and value distribution between chain participants. Lack of adequate local institutions in Southern countries, and increasing complexity of the ``cahiers de charges'' imposed by the North however may cause exclusion of many smallholders in these new North-South trade networks.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Certificates, certification scheme, fair trade, global markets, labels, local institutions, north-south trade, organic farming, smallholders, value chains
\index[key]{Certificates}
\index[key]{Certification scheme}
\index[key]{Fair trade}
\index[key]{Global markets}
\index[key]{Labels}
\index[key]{Local!institutions }
\index[key]{North-South trade}
\index[key]{Organic!farming}
\index[key]{Smallholders}
\index[key]{Value chains}
\end{document}