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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Factors Involved in \textit{in vitro} Shoot-tip Grafting of Apple (\textit{Malus domestica} Borkh.) and Pear (\textit{Pyrus} sp. L.)},pdfauthor={Rafail Toma, Mosleh Duhoky},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Apple, in vitro, micrografting, pear, shoot-tip grafting},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Factors Involved in \textit{in vitro} Shoot-tip Grafting of Apple (\textit{Malus domestica} Borkh.) and Pear (\textit{Pyrus} sp. L.)\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Rafail Toma, University of Duhok, College of Agriculture, Horticulture, Zirka Street, 273~Duhok, Iraq, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{rshtoma@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Rafail Toma, Mosleh Duhoky}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{University of Duhok, College of Agriculture, Horticulture, Iraq}}}
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\index[author]{Toma, Rafail}
\index[author]{Duhoky, Mosleh}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of different factors involved in \textit{in~vitro} shoot"=tip grafting of apple (\textit{Malus domestica} Borkh.) and pear (\textit{Pyrus} sp. L.). The results revealed that autografting (homografting) was superior to the heterografting. The highest percentage of successful grafts (\mbox{80\,\%}) was obtained when shoot tips of Anna apple and Aly-Sur pear were obtained from tissue culture grown plantlets as compared with those obtained from flushes in trees grown under field conditions (30 and \mbox{40\,\%}, respectively). A significant difference was noticed in apple micrografting success while using \textit{in~vitro} micropropagated shoots as rootstocks (\mbox{60\,\%}) as compared with the use of \textit{in~vitro} germinated seedlings (\mbox{48\,\%}). The same micrografting success (\mbox{60\,\%}) was achieved for pear micrografting with both kinds of rootstocks. Micrografting success could be raised from 30 to \mbox{90\,\%} by adding BA (2 mgl$^{-1}$) to the nutrient medium but soaking scions and rootstocks in BA solution was unprofitable. Adding sucrose with \unitfrac[30]{g}{l} to the nutrient medium was significantly effective on raising grafting success in both apple and pear to \mbox{60\,\%} and \mbox{70\,\%} from only \mbox{50\,\%} and \mbox{40\,\%} at \unitfrac[15]{g}{l} sucrose level, respectively. Using liquid medium significantly raised successful grafts percent to 60 and \mbox{70\,\%} from only \mbox{10\,\%} in case of solidified media with agar for both apple and pear micrografts, respectively. Adding an agar drop to the grafted area was highly profitable which raised micrografting success to 70 and \mbox{60\,\%} as compared with grafting without an agar drop (\mbox{10\,\%}) for both apple and pear micrografts, respectively. No significant differences were recorded in micrografting success percentages as a result of using both supporting agents (M-shaped perforated filter paper or a piece of cotton). By inverted-T incision, there were 80 and \mbox{90\,\%} successful micrografts in Anna on MM106 apples and Aly-Sur on \textit{P. calleryana} pears, respectively. Lower success of \mbox{70\,\%} in both apple and pear was observed when scion was grafted by surface placement using cleft grafting. A high mortality rate was found with grafted plants transferred to soil which reached to 85 and \mbox{90\,\%}, respectively. 







}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Apple, \textit{in~vitro}, micrografting, pear, shoot"=tip grafting
\index[key]{Apple}
\index[key]{\textit{In~vitro}}
\index[key]{Micrografting}
\index[key]{Pear}
\index[key]{Shoot"=tip grafting}
\end{document}