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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Survey and Identification of Vesicular"=arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) Papaver Plants of Afghanistan},pdfauthor={Shiva Ghalenoei, Mahmood Zokaei, Mohsen Jahan},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Afghanistan, Manure, Papaveraceae plant, Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, VAM},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Survey and Identification of Vesicular"=arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) Papaver Plants of Afghanistan\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Shiva Ghalenoei, Ferdoesi University of Science,mashhad.iran, Biology, Kohsangi 36, 00000000000000~Mashhad, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{shiva_ghalenoei@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Shiva Ghalenoei$^{1}$, Mahmood Zokaei$^{2}$, Mohsen Jahan$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Ferdoesi University of Science,mashhad.iran, Biology, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Ferdoesi University of Science,mashhad.iran, Biology, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Ferdoesi University of Agronomy ,mashhad.iran, Agronomy, }}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Ghalenoei, Shiva}
\index[author]{Zokaei, Mahmood}
\index[author]{Jahan, Mohsen}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
This investigation has been done in order to identify
 Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) Papaveraceae plant in Afghanistan 2008--2009.First the root of the plant with the soil around it was collected, and it was taken to the laboratory for research,and microscopy study was done on Acidity and kind of the soil (PH:8/2 -  Soil:normal). The root of the plant was cut and coloured for ascertainment of the kind of mycorrhiza. Philips and Hayman Method was done, was distinguished thar this mycorrhiza is endomycorrhiza.



The spore of mycorrhiza that exist in soil was folowed with the WET SIEVING AND DECANTING method and centrifugation was done with \mbox{50\,\%} saccharosum for 1500 period for 2 minutes and was separated.



It was distinguished that five species belongs to the Glomus genus.



Based on the amount of species, most hoggs belong to the Glomus Fasciculatom species, and least amount belonged to Entrophospora.



Abundance of the VAM species ordered by predominance are : 



Glomus, Acaulospora, Sclerocystis, Scutellispora, Gigaspora and Entrophospora.



Roots from the papaveracae family plant make symbiosis with endomycorrhiza in the soil, and 



the VAM cause to increase the capacity access to sew elements especially for noctiluca plants and increase the photocentes ,and the resistance against stress and tension and pathogen factors. the papaver to plant quikly.Increase of competition power on the host plant equivalent to weed, also as an MANURE (biologically papaver) has performance.Climat, Mycorizospher soil,long wars,reduction on farming,not ploughing the soil, and not using chemical manuring in Afghanistan are the reasons for increasing growth of Mycorrhiza.Therefore the existence of micorrhiza in soil is one of the reasons for irregular growth of POPPY (Papavearceae) in Afghanistan.







}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Afghanistan, Manure, Papaveraceae plant, Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, VAM
\index[key]{Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)}
\index[key]{Afghanistan}
\index[key]{Papaveraceae plant}
\end{document}