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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Energy and Protein  Supplementation  Can Improved Liveweight Gain of Steers Grazing Good Quality Tropical Pasture in the Wet Season},pdfauthor={Marthen Luther Mullik, Putri Eyanoer, Dennis Poppi, Stuard McLennan},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Energy protein, grazing, steers, tropical pasture },pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Energy and Protein  Supplementation  Can Improved Liveweight Gain of Steers Grazing Good Quality Tropical Pasture in the Wet Season\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Marthen Luther Mullik, University of Nusa Cendana, Faculty of Animal Science, Department of Animal Nutrition, Jalan Adisucipto Penfui, 85001~Kupang, Indonesia, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{martin_kpg@yahoo.com.au}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Marthen Luther Mullik$^{1}$, Putri Eyanoer$^{2}$, Dennis Poppi$^{3}$, Stuard McLennan$^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Nusa Cendana, Faculty of Animal Science, Department of Animal Nutrition, Indonesia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$North Sumatera University, Medicine, Indonesia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$The University of Queensland, Food and Land Sciencies, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Queensland Beef Research Institute, Australia}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Mullik, Marthen Luther}
\index[author]{Eyanoer, Putri}
\index[author]{Poppi, Dennis}
\index[author]{McLennan, Stuard}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
To achieve market standard weight  at  younger age requires a higher growth rates of grazing  steers either in the wet and the dry season. The present experiment aimed at maximising wet season growth rates by providing extra energy and protein to steers grazing good quality tropical pasture during the wet season.  Twenty"=five Brahman crossbred steers (203$\pm$\mbox{4.2\,kg}) were allocated into 5 treatments, namely control (Con; grazing only), Con + molasses/urea (\mbox{3\,\%} urea) at an intake of \mbox{0.5\,\%} liveweight (W) (5MU) or \mbox{1.0\,\%} W (10MU), and Con + mixture of molasses/urea (\mbox{55\,\%}), fish meal (\mbox{25\,\%}) and whole cottonseed (WCS; \mbox{20\,\%})  at an intake of \mbox{0.5\,\%} W (5MWF) or \mbox{1.0\,\%} W (10MWF).  All steers grazed fertilised pangola grass pasture (Digitaria eriantha cv Steudal) for 84 d between January and April (wet season). Total DM for all paddocks was maintained at  $>$\unitfrac[1.9]{t}{ha}.  Mean green leaf yield was 1.9 t DM/ha. \textit{In~vitro} dry matter digestibility  \mbox{64\,\%} and crude protein content \mbox{15\,\%}. Control  steers gained weight at \unitfrac[960]{g}{d}. Providing  molasses/urea did not increase liveweight gain (LWG) but inclusion of  fishmeal and whole cottonseed markedly increased   ($p < 0.05$) daily LWG above control by \mbox{34\,\%} and \mbox{39\,\%}  for 5MWF and 10MWF  respectively.  There was no statistical difference in the LWG response between the level of supplements. It was concluded that provision of molasses/urea as rumen fermentable energy and protein alone will not increase LWG of steers grazing good quality pangola grass pasture,  but the inclusion of whole cottonseed and fishmeal as rumen bypass protein and energy will significantly increase LWG, most probably as a result of the higher bypass protein and energy intake from the MWF supplement. 







}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Energy protein, grazing, steers, tropical pasture 
\index[key]{Energy protein}
\index[key]{Grazing}
\index[key]{Steers}
\index[key]{Tropical pasture }
\end{document}