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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Migration, Remittances, and Cattle: Implications for Food Security in Central America},pdfauthor={Jason Davis, David Lopez-Carr, Hallie Eakin, John R. Weeks},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agriculture, cattle, extensification, food security, intensification, international migration, land use, pasture, remittances},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Migration, Remittances, and Cattle: Implications for Food Security in Central America\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} David Lopez-Carr, University of California, Santa Barbara, Geography, 966 West Campus Lane, 93117~Goleta, United States of America, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{carr@geog.ucsb.edu}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Jason Davis$^{1}$, David Lopez-Carr$^{1}$, Hallie Eakin$^{2}$, John R. Weeks$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of California, Santa Barbara, Geography, United States of America}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Arizona State University, School of Geographical Science and Urban Planning, United States of America}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$San Diego State University, Geography, United States of America}}}
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\index[author]{Davis, Jason}
\index[author]{Lopez-Carr, David}
\index[author]{Eakin, Hallie}
\index[author]{Weeks, John R.}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
This paper focuses on how international migration from Central America to the United States, and the subsequent return of remittances to migrant"=sending households, influence agricultural change and the significance of this change for rural food security. 



How globalisation directly affects developing communities is confounded by numerous interacting factors that challenge one's ability to make direct causal linkages: the opening of markets, shifting of employment, and the spread of products and technologies across the planet influence the everyday lives of migrants and non"=migrants, rich and poor alike. Thus, in the absence of clearly defined metrics to gauge the influence of globalisation on social and physical environments in the developing world, one looks for surrogates. A promising pair of surrogates that mimic the many social and economic changes attributable to globalisation are international economic migration to developed economies and the concomitant transfer of remittances back to the developing world. While economists have researched an array of potential socio"=economic outcomes based on the growing trend of remittance income in the developing world, we are unaware of research focusing on the impact of remittance income on subsistence farming.



Using data supplied by the Latin American Migration Project, we investigate agricultural land use differentials between migrant and non"=migrant households for three Central American nations (Costa Rica, Guatemala and Nicaragua) using logistic regression models. Six months of ethnographic field work on remittances and land use in the Western Highlands of Guatemala contextualize quantitative findings. Results suggest that a rise in months spent abroad and remittance income returned to sending"=households did not translate into a greater likelihood that farmland would be sold, purchased, or intensified. Evidence from this investigation coupled with results found in Southern Mexico, El Salvador and Ecuador (Jokisch 2003; Cohen 2005; Cohen and Rodriquez 2005; Gray 2009; Damon 2010) together suggest that the practice of agriculture is not a long"=term economic strategy in which smallholders wish to invest. 



Nevertheless, households do use remittances to invest in livestock. Given livestock's food production inefficiency relative to crops, what are the potential implications of this finding for smallholder food security in Central America? 



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agriculture, cattle, extensification, food security, intensification, international migration, land use, pasture, remittances
\index[key]{Agriculture}
\index[key]{Cattle}
\index[key]{Extensification}
\index[key]{Food!security}
\index[key]{Intensification}
\index[key]{International migration}
\index[key]{Land!use}
\index[key]{Pasture}
\index[key]{Remittances}
\end{document}