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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Soil Management and Efficiency of Cowpea Rhizobia Strains in the Amazonian Periphery},pdfauthor={Alana Das Chagas Ferreira Aguiar, José Geraldo Donizetti Dos Santos, Emanoel Gomes Moura},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Humid tropics, no-till system, nutrient use efficiency, rhizobium},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Soil Management and Efficiency of Cowpea Rhizobia Strains in the Amazonian Periphery\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Alana Das Chagas Ferreira Aguiar, Federal University of Maranhao, Agrarian and Environment Science Center, BR 222 km 04 S/n, 65500000~Chapadinha, Brazil, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{alanaaguiar@elo.com.br}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Alana Das Chagas Ferreira Aguiar$^{1}$, José Geraldo Donizetti Dos Santos$^{2}$, Emanoel Gomes Moura$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Federal University of Maranhao, Agrarian and Environment Science Center, Brazil}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Federal University of Tocantins, Husbandy Department, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Maranhão State University, M.sc. Course in Agroecology, Brazil}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Ferreira Aguiar, Alana Das Chagas}
\index[author]{Donizetti Dos Santos, José Geraldo}
\index[author]{Moura, Emanoel Gomes}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In the humid tropics, the largest obstacle to the implementation of sustainable farming systems is the reduced efficiency of nutrient use by crops. This study assesses the effectiveness of five selected rhizobia strains when in symbiosis with cowpea, with the objective of replacing nitrogen fertilisation in the predominant soil use system used by smallholder farmers. The study was carried out in three adjacent areas with distinct agricultural uses: conventional tillage, itinerant agriculture and a no"=till system. The experimental design was in randomised blocks with four replications and seven treatments: five rhizobia strains (BR$^{3}$262, BR$^{3}$267, BR$^{3}$299, INPA3--11B and UFLA 3--84) and two controls without inoculation (one without mineral N and another fertilised with \mbox{74\,kg} N ha$^{-1}$). The dry mass of one hundred grains, of nodules and of shoots as well as yields of cowpea were measured. Relative and absolute efficiency indices were calculated for the dry biomass production of cowpea shoots. The system of soil management affected the number and dry mass of the nodules and, consequently, the mass of the dry plant matter and bean yield. In terms of yield, there was a large difference between the conventional and the itinerant systems that was around four times greater in the burnt area (1,009.9 compared to 243.7). In the no"=till system, inoculation may be more efficient than nitrogen fertiliser. In the conditions of the cohesion"=prone soils in the pre-Amazon area, the system of conventional tillage with ploughing and harrowing decreases the possibility of cultivation of a second harvest of cowpea, even with inoculation or N fertilisation. On the other hand, the slash"=and-burn system has a positive effect on the culture of cowpea as a second"=harvest crop when inoculated; this effect is predominant with the use of nitrogen fertiliser.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Humid tropics, no"=till system, nutrient use efficiency, \textit{rhizobium}
\index[key]{Humid tropics}
\index[key]{No"=till system}
\index[key]{Nutrient!use efficiency}
\index[key]{Rhizobium@\textit{Rhizobium}}
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