\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Assessment of Desertification Vulnerability in Sokoto State, Nigeria using Remote Sensing and GIS},pdfauthor={Babatunde Adeniyi Osunmadewa, Elmar Csaplovics, Hassan Elnour Adam},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Desertification, land use, remote sensing, Sokoto state, vulnerability},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2010.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2010.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Assessment of Desertification Vulnerability in Sokoto State, Nigeria using Remote Sensing and GIS\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Babatunde Adeniyi Osunmadewa, Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical University , 01062~Dresden, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{tundeosunmadewa@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Babatunde Adeniyi Osunmadewa$^{1}$, Elmar Csaplovics$^{2}$, Hassan Elnour Adam$^{3}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Osunmadewa, Babatunde Adeniyi}
\index[author]{Csaplovics, Elmar}
\index[author]{Adam, Hassan Elnour}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The northern"=western part of Nigeria is particularly vulnerable to desertification due to the fragility of the ecosystem and intensity of human activity. At the heart of the desertification problem in Nigeria for example, are problems of poverty and underdevelopment in which the majority of the population in the rural areas seems to be caught up in a vicious cycle of poverty and dependence, and extreme weather condition. The study was carried out in Sokoto state, north"=western Nigeria. It covers an area from latitude13\textsuperscript{0}04´- 13\textsuperscript{0}44´ N and from longitude 40--5023´ E. The objective of this research is to assess the Vulnerability of desertification by producing ecologically vulnerable map in the Sokoto north"=western part of Nigeria using remotely sensed data of TM (1986), ETM+ (1999) and NigeriaSat"=1 (2007).



Seven land use classes were used as desertification indicators to assess the vulnerability of the study area; these classes were derived from multi"=temporal remote sensing data. Population pressure was also used as an indicator and was calculated from population census data. The vulnerability map was produced by super"=imposing the factors which accelerate desertification and this was done by using ILWIS academic 3.1 software. A matrix table was developed for this analysis.



Results obtained reveals that \mbox{28.44\,\%} of the area is highly vulnerable to desertification; most of it is covering the northern parts of the study area. About half of the study area (\mbox{47\,\%}) severely vulnerable and this indicates that the area is facing desertification process. Result shows that only \mbox{4.5\,\%} of the area is not vulnerable to desertification. The population data shows that there is an increase in human density which accounts for \mbox{38.90\,\%} of the total population of sokoto state and this has direct effect on natural resources in the area.



It can be concluded that there is more pressure on the available vegetation coupled with fluctuations in climatic factors which makes the area highly susceptible to desertification.



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Desertification, land use, remote sensing, Sokoto state, vulnerability
\index[key]{Desertification}
\index[key]{Land!use}
\index[key]{Remote sensing}
\index[key]{Sokoto state}
\index[key]{Vulnerability}
\end{document}