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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Evaluation of Apyrus (sulfosulforun)  Soil Residue Effect on 7 Crops in Rotation of Wheat},pdfauthor={Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi, Mohammad Hasan Rashed Mohassel, Masoomeh Dehggan, Ghadriye Mahmoodi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Apyrus, bean, corn, lentil, pea, sugar beet ,rape, tomato},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Evaluation of Apyrus (sulfosulforun)  Soil Residue Effect on 7 Crops in Rotation of Wheat\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Department of Agronomy, Azadi Street, Mashhad, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{eizadi2000@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi, Mohammad Hasan Rashed Mohassel, Masoomeh Dehggan, Ghadriye Mahmoodi}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Department of Agronomy, Iran}}}
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\index[author]{Izadi Darbandi, Ebrahim}
\index[author]{Rashed Mohassel, Mohammad Hasan}
\index[author]{Dehggan, Masoomeh}
\index[author]{Mahmoodi, Ghadriye}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Apyrus  is one of the most important acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides using in Iranian wheat field. However these herbicides have low application arte, but their high persistence in soil, imposed their environmental contamination and damage to sensitive crops in rotation. In order to study the sensitivity of  crops to  Apyrus soil residual, a pot experiment was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad at 2009. Experimental type was completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Treatments included crops ( pea, bean, lentil, corn, rape, beet and tomato) and apyrus simulated concentration residue in soil (0.00012, 0.0003, 0.0006, 0.0012, 0.0024 and 0.0036 mg kg$^{-1}$ soil) ). For analysis of results plants emergence was determined after a week after their emergence, also their survival percentage, shoot  and root biomass production measured 30 days after emergence. Plants response to apyrus residue was fitted with sigmoidal 4 parametric equation  fitted to the shoot biomass data as a function of the herbicide residue concentrations and was used to calculate the doses for  \mbox{50\,\%}  inhibition of shoot growth (ID50). Results showed, crop emergence, survival, shoot and root growth significantly ($p < 0.01$) affected with apyrus soil residue. Increasing Apyrus soil residue, mentioned parameters decreased in all crops significantly ($p < 0.01$). Average shoot and root biomass lost were 19.3 and \mbox{24.93\,\%} in lowest  apyrus residue concentration and 92 and \mbox{92.2\,\%} in highest apyrus residue concentration. Crops have differently response ($p < 0.05$) to apyrus residue. Highest(75.3, \mbox{79.76\,\%}) and lowest(45.4,  \mbox{42\,\%}) shoot and root biomass lost, were observed in tomato and sugar beet respectively. Based on ID50 parameter pea, bean and corn (0.00005 mg kg\textsuperscript{-1} soil) and tomato (0.0000008 mg kg\textsuperscript{-1} soil) appeared to be the most tolerant and susceptible to apyrus residue. These results indicated, mentioned crops sensitivity to apyrus residue followed the order: pea = bean = corn $<$ lentil $<$ rape $<$ sugar beet $<$ tomato.  These species showed phytotoxicity at low to moderate levels of apyrus residue, tomato and  sugar beet appeared to be the most susceptible and tolerant crops to apyrus residue }

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Apyrus, bean, corn, lentil, pea, sugar beet ,rape, tomato
\index[key]{Apyrus}
\index[key]{Bean}
\index[key]{Corn}
\index[key]{Lentil}
\index[key]{Pea}
\index[key]{Sugar beet ,rape}
\index[key]{Tomato}
\end{document}