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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effect of Water Hardness on Sinosulfuron Efficacy on Redroot Pigweed and Common Lambsquart Control},pdfauthor={Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi, Azarian Farzaneh, Nessari Najme},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Common lambsqurat, redroot pigweed, sinusulforun, water hardness},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Effect of Water Hardness on Sinosulfuron Efficacy on Redroot Pigweed and Common Lambsquart Control\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Department of Agronomy, Azadi Street, Mashhad, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{eizadi2000@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi, Azarian Farzaneh, Nessari Najme}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Department of Agronomy, Iran}}}
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\index[author]{Izadi Darbandi, Ebrahim}
\index[author]{Farzaneh, Azarian}
\index[author]{Najme, Nessari}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Water is the primary carrier for herbicide applications. In fact, it usually makes up over \mbox{99\,\%} of the spray solution. Considering that, it should be no surprise that the chemistry of water added to the spray tank greatly impacts herbicide effectiveness. In order to study the effect of water hardness on sinosulforun efficacy an experiment  was carried out under controlled conditions in 2010 at the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Treatments included herbicides doses at 6 levels (0, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 and 2000 ml ha$^{-1}$ ), calcium carbonate concentration in water as index of water hardness at 6 levels( 0, 100, 300, 600, 1000 and 1500 ppm) and weeds at 2 levels ( redroot pigweed and common lamsquart), were evaluated as a completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Spray was done at 6--8 weeds leaf stag. 2 weeks after spray weeds survival and shoot dry matter measured. For results analysis, data analysis of variance was done and plants response to sinosulforun doses in deferent water hardness level was fitted with sigmoidal 4 parametric equation  to the shoot biomass data as a function of the herbicide doses and was used to calculate the herbicide dose for \mbox{50\,\%} inhibition of plants shoot growth inhibition (ID50). Results showed herbicide rate and water hardness had significantly effect($p < 0.01$) on both weeds growth and survival. Increasing of herbicide rate decreased survival and growth on both weeds in pure water spraying. Increasing water hardness decreased sinosulforun efficacy in both weeds control. Maximum and minimum weeds  biomass production was indicated in 1500 and 0 ppm calcium carbonate in each rate of sinosulforun. Common lambsqurat and redroot pigweed had not differently response  to increasing of herbicide dose. But by increasing of water hardness, common lambsqurt tolerant to sinosulforun was more than redroot pigweed. Increasing of water hardness, increased ID50 parameter in both weeds. Maximum (1485.5, 917.75 ml ha\textsuperscript{-1}) and minimum (1302, 786.8 ml ha\textsuperscript{-1}) sinosulforun ID50 indicated for common lambquart and redroot pigweed in highest level of water hardness and pure water respectively.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Common lambsqurat, redroot pigweed, sinusulforun, water hardness
\index[key]{Common lambsqurat}
\index[key]{Redroot pigweed}
\index[key]{Sinusulforun}
\index[key]{Water!hardness}
\end{document}