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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Evaluation of Water Hardness on 2,4-d Amine Efficacy on Redroot Pigweed and Common Lambsquart Control},pdfauthor={Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi, Nessari Najme, Azarian Farzaneh},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={2,4-D, common lambsqurat, redroot pigweed, water hardness},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Evaluation of Water Hardness on 2,4-d Amine Efficacy on Redroot Pigweed and Common Lambsquart Control\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Department of Agronomy, Azadi Street, Mashhad, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{eizadi2000@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi, Nessari Najme, Azarian Farzaneh}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Department of Agronomy, Iran}}}
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\index[author]{Izadi Darbandi, Ebrahim}
\index[author]{Najme, Nessari}
\index[author]{Farzaneh, Azarian}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Water is the most common liquid used to dilute herbicides and deliver them to the target weeds that they are intended to control. Researches had benn shown that water quality is an important factor in some herbicide efficacy. In order to study the effect of water hardness on 2,4-D efficacy, an experiment  was carried out under controlled conditions in 2010 at the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Experimental treatments included herbicides doses at 6 levels (0, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 and 2000 ml ha$^{-1}$ ), calcium carbonate concentration in water as index of water hardness at 6 levels( 0, 100, 300, 600, 1000 and 1500 ppm) and weeds at 2 levels( redroot pigweed and common lamsquart), were evaluated as a completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Spray was done at 6--8 weeds leaf stage and two weeks after spray weeds survival and shoot dry matter was measured. For results analysis, data analysis of variance was done and plants response to 2,4-D doses in deferent water hardness level was fitted with sigmoidal 4 parametric equation  to the shoot biomass data as a function of the herbicide doses and was used to calculate the herbicide dose for  \mbox{50\,\%}  inhibition of plants shoot growth inhibition (ID50). Results showed herbicide rate and water hardness had significantly effect($p < 0.01$) on 2 weeds growth and survival. Increasing of herbicide dose, decreased survival and growth of both weeds in pure water spraying. Increasing water hardness decreased 2,4-D efficacy in both weeds control. Maximum (\mbox{79.4\,\%} , \mbox{91.7\,\%}) and minimum (\mbox{35.5\,\%} , \mbox{74.3\,\%}) shoot biomass lost were indicated at highest and lowest  level of   2,4-D and calcium carbonate levels in common lambsquart and redroot pigweed respectively. Redroot pigweed was more susceptible to 2,4-D application in each level of water hardness . Increasing of water hardness, increased ID50 parameter in both weeds. Minimum (1057 ml ha\textsuperscript{-1}) and maximum (2783 ml ha\textsuperscript{-1}) 2,4-D  ID50 for common lambquart indicated in pure water and 1000 ppm of calcium carbonate concentration. Minimum (559 ml ha\textsuperscript{-1}) and maximum (1270 ml ha\textsuperscript{-1}) 2,4-D  ID50 for redroot pigweed  were indicated in 100 and 1500 ppm of water hardness.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} 2,4-D, common lambsqurat, redroot pigweed, water hardness
\index[key]{2,4-D}
\index[key]{Common lambsqurat}
\index[key]{Redroot pigweed}
\index[key]{Water!hardness}
\end{document}