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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Animal Dung as a Source of Energy in Remote Areas of Indian Himalayas},pdfauthor={Adam Vankát, Vladimir Krepl},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Ash properties, biomass, calorific value, direct combustion, fuel consumption, fuel dung, goat, heating , Kargyak, sheep, stove, yak},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Animal Dung as a Source of Energy in Remote Areas of Indian Himalayas\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Vladimir Krepl, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Institute of Tropics and Subtropics, Kamýcká 129, 165 21~Prague, Czech Republic, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{krepl@its.czu.cz}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Adam Vankát, Vladimir Krepl}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Institute of Tropics and Subtropics, Czech Republic}}}
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\index[author]{Vankát, Adam}
\index[author]{Krepl, Vladimir}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
This paper summarises a small research that was conducted in Indian Himalayas, Zanskar Range, during the summer 2009. The subsequent experiments on the biomass fuel properties that were carried out in the Czech Republic are involved as well.







In order to acquire data on the dung"=as-a"=fuel usage, one of the most remote villages in Indian Himalayas was visited. The inhabitants were asked questions related to the only resource of heat energy that is widely utilised here --- the dried excrements of domestic animals. The focus was to the techniques of collection, storage and to the qualities of the different types of dung used. The amounts of dung burned daily were measured as well. The data obtained were used to estimate the total amount of dung used per capita. Supposing the energetic value and the efficiency of energy transformation to the usable form is known, the total amount of energy needs for cooking and heating may be quantified.



  



A few samples of different types of dung were brought to the Czech Republic in order to conduct experiments including fuel properties and biogas production analysis. The results of fuel properties analysis (calorific value, volatile combustible matter, ash properties, element analysis) are included, while the results of the biogas properties analysis are not involved in this paper. 



 



The results include these: The direct measurements shoved the daily fuel consumption during summertime of a wealthy family to be 11,\mbox{29\,kg} on average, that is 1,\unitfrac[13]{kg}{capita}/day. The average family consumes 6,\unitfrac[93]{kg}{day}, that is 1,\unitfrac[38]{kg}{capita}/day. The average all year"=round fuel and heat energy consumption was enumerated as 3,87$\pm$1,\mbox{35\,kg} per capita per day and 12,24 $\pm$ 4,3 MJ per capita per day. The fuel dung calorific value ranges from 11,\unitfrac[08]{MJ}{kg} to 16,\unitfrac[29]{MJ}{kg} depending on the origin and ``type'' of the dung examined. 



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Ash properties, biomass, calorific value, direct combustion, fuel consumption, fuel dung, goat, heating , Kargyak, sheep, stove, yak
\index[key]{Ash properties}
\index[key]{Biomass}
\index[key]{Calorific value}
\index[key]{Direct combustion}
\index[key]{Fuel consumption}
\index[key]{Fuel dung}
\index[key]{Goat}
\index[key]{Heating }
\index[key]{Kargyak}
\index[key]{Sheep}
\index[key]{Stove}
\index[key]{Yak}
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