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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Determinants of Illegal Migration from East Java to Malaysia},pdfauthor={Robert Williater Sibarani, Beatrice Knerr},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={A job and better life, illegal migration, Indonesia, keywords: nutrition, legal migration, Malaysia},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Determinants of Illegal Migration from East Java to Malaysia\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Robert Williater Sibarani, University of Kassel, Department of Development Economics, Migration and Agricultural Policy, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213~Witzenhausen, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{robertsibarani@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Robert Williater Sibarani$^{1}$, Beatrice Knerr$^{2}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Kassel, Department of Development Economics, Migration and Agricultural Policy, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Kassel, Department of Development Economics, Migration and Agricultural Policy, Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Sibarani, Robert Williater}
\index[author]{Knerr, Beatrice}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Unemployment and poverty are the key issues in the rural areas of East Java province, Indonesia. Under these conditions, people face difficulties in fulfiling necessities of life, particularly nutrition. Migrating to others countries to find a job and a better life appears to be an attractive alternative followed by many. The major destination country for international migrant workers from East Java province is Malaysia; where there were in 2008, 26,746 workers had been placed officially by the Indonesian government.



However, besides this legal migration, there are a large number of workers involved in illegal migration to Malaysia. The illegal ways along which they proceed are entering illegally without valid official documents (passport and permit, employment visa and job contract); entering legally, but then overstay; or manipulating the official entering permit, such as using a tourist visa to work in Malaysia.



All of these ways are risky, because it is a hard offense towards the Malaysian Immigration Act with the consequence of deportation and punishment. In 2008, for example, 8,941 workers were deported from Malaysia to East Java province, loosing their job and income. The extent of and risk taken by illegal migration indicate that there are on the one hand strong incentives for migration and on the other hand strong restrictions preventing the workers from migrating through legal ways. The restrictions are in the Malaysian Immigration Act 1959/63 to which simple workers from East Java province cannot adhere. The research presented focuses on the factors which determine the worker' decision: not to migrate; or to migrate legally or illegally to Malaysia; or to migrate legally or illegally to another country.



A Logit regression model is used to estimate the individual and household characteristics which determine the workers' decisions. Primary data are collected through interviews with respondents in three regencies in East Java province using a structured questionnaire. The results reveal the factors which determine the workers' decisions, and the recommendations derived from that could be useful to the Indonesian government in arranging policies and programs aimed at reducing illegal migration from the East Java province to Malaysia.



}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} A job and better life, illegal migration, Indonesia, keywords: nutrition, legal migration, Malaysia
\index[key]{A job and better life}
\index[key]{Illegal migration}
\index[key]{Indonesia}
\index[key]{Keywords: nutrition}
\index[key]{Legal migration}
\index[key]{Malaysia}
\end{document}