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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Energy Consumption and Use Efficiency in Rainfed Wheat Production Systems in Iran},pdfauthor={Mohammad Yousefi, Abdolmajid Mahdavi Damghani, Houman Liaghati, Korous Khoshbakht},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Energy efficiency, fossil fuel, N fertiliser, production system},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Energy Consumption and Use Efficiency in Rainfed Wheat Production Systems in Iran\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Abdolmajid Mahdavi Damghani, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin street, 1983963113~Tehran, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{mmd323@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Mohammad Yousefi$^{1}$, Abdolmajid Mahdavi Damghani$^{2}$, Houman Liaghati$^{3}$, Korous Khoshbakht$^{4}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Shahid Beheshti University, G.c., Department of Agroecology, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Shahid Beheshti, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Shahid Beheshti University, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Yousefi, Mohammad}
\index[author]{Mahdavi Damghani, Abdolmajid}
\index[author]{Liaghati, Houman}
\index[author]{Khoshbakht, Korous}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Efficient energy use is a main objective of sustainability of food production systems. Energy consumption, production and efficiency of rainfed wheat production systems were studied in Kangavar, western Iran (34.5° N, 48.1° E) in summer 2009. Total inputs and outputs of rainfed wheat systems were calculated and converted to their energy equivalent. Data was collected using questionnaires and face to face interviews with farmers. Results showed that total energy input and output in these agroecosystems were 14255.5 and \unitfrac[56161.7]{MJ}{ha}, respectively. The highest fraction of input energy was recorded for N fertiliser (\mbox{32\,\%}), fossil fuels (\mbox{31.6\,\%}) and seed (\mbox{27\,\%}). When all input energy converted to fossil fuel equivalent (energy equivalent of gasoil is \unitfrac[56.31]{MJ}{l}), total input energy was equal to \unitfrac[253.1]{l}{ha}. Output energy consisted of grain yield (\unitfrac[1967.5]{kg}{ha}) and straw production (\unitfrac[2179.2]{kg}{ha}) which indicates that in term of energy, 51.5 and \mbox{48.5\,\%} of output energy was gained by grain and straw, respectively. Energy efficiency (energy output/energy input) of studied systems was 3.94. Energy productivity (grain yield per input energy) and effective energy (input energy per grain yield) were \unitfrac[0.14]{kg}{MJ} and \unitfrac[7.25]{MJ}{kg}, respectively. System net energy (output minus input) was calculated as \unitfrac[41906.7]{MJ}{ha}. Economic analysis showed that net income of rainfed wheat agroecosystems was 550 USD per hectare. Results of study revealed that optimising fertiliser management through application of less energy"=consuming inputs and fossil fuel management through applying more efficient machinery could improve energy balance as well as economic productivity of these food production systems.}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Energy efficiency, fossil fuel, N fertiliser, production system
\index[key]{Energy efficiency}
\index[key]{Fossil fuel}
\index[key]{N fertilizer}
\index[key]{Production system}
\end{document}