\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Animal Welfare: Transportation and Offloading Systems of Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Ibadan Metropolis of Nigeria},pdfauthor={Olaniyi Jacob Babayemi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Animal welfare, mortality, offloading and ruminants , transportation},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2010.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2010.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Animal Welfare: Transportation and Offloading Systems of Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Ibadan Metropolis of Nigeria\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Olaniyi Jacob Babayemi, University of Ibadan, Animal Science, Ibadan, Nigeria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{ojyemi@yahoo.co.uk}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Olaniyi Jacob Babayemi}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{University of Ibadan, Animal Science, Nigeria}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Babayemi, Olaniyi Jacob}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
There are dimensions to the issue of animal welfare, especially those relating to the livestock marketing operations in Nigeria. About \mbox{90\,\%} of the ruminants being consumed in the southern part are transported from the northern part of the country to Ibadan, second to the largest city in Africa. Different kinds of vehicles are used that determine the number of days spent on the road. The nature of transportation system and offloading methods are always of the concern for the healthy condition and other welfare of the animals. Against this background, a study was conducted to evaluate the transportation and offloading systems at the final market.  A purposively study that lasted for 12 weeks was carried out using the two major market centres in the city. Trucks, trailers and buses used to bring the animals were noted. On arrival of the vehicles, the number of the animals and their positioning were examined. The manner of offloading and the final posture of the animals were studied. The mortality from each vehicle was observed. Results showed \mbox{95\,\%} trailer vehicle conveyed cattle while lorry trucks transported both sheep and goats. During transportation, all animals were made to stand irrespective of the distance that ranged between 6 and 72 hours. Top of the vehicles were uncovered. Animals were closely parked in order to disallow movement or turning. Small ruminants were arranged in tier of two in \mbox{92\,\%} of the lorry. 5--\mbox{16\,\%} mortality was observed in small ruminants than cattle. About 1--\mbox{6\,\%} mortality was observed for those small ruminants at the lower tier due to pollution through urine and faeces from the upper tier animals. Cattle were forcefully dragged off the vehicle (4--\mbox{6\,m} high) and 20--\mbox{30\,\%} became feeble before resuscitation. During offloading, ropes were put on the necks of the individual sheep and goats and were thrown down to land on their feet. Only one person pulled together about 10--15 ropes of sheep or goats away. It was concluded that methods of transportation and systems of offloading were opposed to the welfare of the animals and therefore, recommended an improvement.}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Animal welfare, mortality, offloading and ruminants , transportation
\index[key]{Animal!welfare}
\index[key]{Mortality}
\index[key]{Offloading and ruminants }
\index[key]{Transportation}
\end{document}