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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Studies on the Biology, Behaviour and Management of Mealybug Planococcus Citri on Citrus in the Gezira  State, Sudan},pdfauthor={Entisar A. Osman, Tag Elsir E. Abdalla},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Mealybug Planococcus citrion citrus },pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Studies on the Biology, Behaviour and Management of Mealybug Planococcus Citri on Citrus in the Gezira  State, Sudan\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Entisar A. Osman, Agricultural Research Corporation, Gezira Research Station, P.O. Box 126, Wad Medani, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{entisararc@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Entisar A. Osman$^{1}$, Tag Elsir E. Abdalla$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Agricultural Research Corporation, Gezira Research Station, Sudan}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Agricultural Research Corporation, Gezira Research Station, Sudan}}}
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\index[author]{Osman, Entisar A.}
\index[author]{Abdalla, Tag Elsir E.}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
This study was conducted at the Gezira State, Sudan during 2004--2005 years. To identify biology, damage, host range, natural enemies and management of the mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera; Psedococcidae) on citrus. The results showed that a single female formed only one ovisack during its life time, eggs contained in   each ovisack ranged between 30 and 639; the pest has three nymphal instars. The incubation period of eggs was 9.3 days and the 1\textsuperscript{st} to 3rd nymphal instars took 10.2, 9.2 and 8.5 days, respectively. The pre"=oviposition, oviposition and post oviposition periods took 3.9, 8.1 and 3.4 days, respectively.  The life cycle of the female was 52.6 days. P. citri attacked leaves causing them to wilt, get distorted and yellowed; new fruits settings stopped growing and dropped to the ground; advanced aged fruits showed discolouration and splitting. P. citri secrets honeydew, on which sooty moulds developed and caused physical and physiological damages.



The natural enemies commonly associating with the pest were the parasitoid  Leptomastix phenacocci Compere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and the predator  Cybocephalus sp (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae).



 The alternative host plant found recorded was the parasitic weed Loranthus (Santalales: loranthaceae).



 The petroleum spray oil "D-C Tron Plus" tested for management at the three doses \mbox{0.375\,\%}, \mbox{0.5\,\%} and \mbox{0.625\,\%} versus an untreated control, the product suppressed the pest to negligible numbers to the end of the season. The highest dose \mbox{0.625\,\%} consistently showed the best results and the highest profitability at 18.5 and 38.1 Sudanese guneih in seasons 2004 and 2005, respectively.







}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Mealybug Planococcus citrion citrus 
\index[key]{Mealybug Planococcus citrion citrus }
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