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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Electricity Increases the Seed Germination and Seedling characteristics of Rapeseed (\textit{Brassica napus} L.) },pdfauthor={Banafsheh Beheshti Monfared, Jeiran Eyvazi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Electrical field, germination rate, length vigour index, weight vigour index},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Electricity Increases the Seed Germination and Seedling characteristics of Rapeseed (\textit{Brassica napus} L.) \footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Banafsheh Beheshti Monfared, Tehran University, Department of  Agronomy, Tehran, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{bb_monfared@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Banafsheh Beheshti Monfared$^{1}$, Jeiran Eyvazi$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Tehran University, Department of  Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Tehran University, Department of  Agronomy, }}}
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\index[author]{Beheshti Monfared, Banafsheh}
\index[author]{Eyvazi, Jeiran}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Electrical as well as magnetic fields have been studied widely in agriculture during recent years for their effects on seed germination and seedling growth. Rapeseed low yield has been reported in many areas worldwide that has been attributed mainly to low seed longevity and hence. Two separate laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of different levels of electrical field's intensity and deposit duration on some physiological characteristics of rapeseed (var. SLM046) with different longevity (\mbox{38\,\%} and \mbox{80\,\%}), 100 days after application of experimental treatments. The first factor was studied in four levels (intensities of 2, 4, 9 and \unitfrac[14]{KV}{cm}) and the second one was the duration of electrical field in four levels (15, 45, 80, 150 sec.). An additional treatment was assigned to each replication as control. The measured characteristics were germination percentage and rate as well as length and weight vigour indices. Results of the study showed that seeds with low longevity (\mbox{38\,\%}) along with the treatment of \unitfrac[9]{KV}{cm} and 80 seconds duration had the highest increase in measured characteristics, including germination percentage, germination rate, and length and weight vigour indices with 125, 99, 241 and \mbox{200\,\%}, respectively. There was a significant reduction in germination percentage and germination rate in seeds with high longevity (\mbox{80\,\%}) compared with control. There were not, however, any significant differences in length and weight vigour indices compared to control. Consequently, it seems that electrical field causes increase in vigour of seeds with low longevity due to affecting biological processes and irritating protein activities, but it had adverse effect on the rapeseeds with high longevity.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Electrical field, germination rate, length vigour index, weight vigour index
\index[key]{Electrical field}
\index[key]{Germination rate}
\index[key]{Length vigour index}
\index[key]{Weight vigour index}
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