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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effect of Different Cropping Systems and Nutrient Resource on Weed Diversity},pdfauthor={Golsoomeh Azizi, Maryam Jahani, Leila Tabrizi, Ali Azizi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Intercropping, Shannon index, species diversity, weeds},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Effect of Different Cropping Systems and Nutrient Resource on Weed Diversity\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Golsoomeh Azizi, Payam Noor University, Agronomy, Mashhad, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{azizi40760@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Golsoomeh Azizi$^{1}$, Maryam Jahani$^{2}$, Leila Tabrizi$^{3}$, Ali Azizi$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Payam Noor University, Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, College of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Tehran University, Horticulture, }}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Islamic Azad University, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Azizi, Golsoomeh}
\index[author]{Jahani, Maryam}
\index[author]{Tabrizi, Leila}
\index[author]{Azizi, Ali}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Evaluation the effect of different crop patterns on weed management is important in sustainable agriculture and accessibility to food security. In order to investigate the effects of plant diversity and nutrient resource on weed composition, density and dry matter, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on complete randomised block design with 3 replications at the agricultural research station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2006 and 2007. Treatments included manure and chemical fertilisers in main plots and intercropping of 3 soybean varieties (Wiliams, Sahar and Gorgan3), intercropping of 3 Millet species (Common millet, Foxtail millet and Pearl millet), intercropping of Millet, Soybean, Sesame (\textit{Sesamum indicum}) and intercropping of Millet, Sesame, Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum"=graecum), Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) in sub plots. Result indicated that weed dry matter in manure and chemical fertilisers was 173.2 and 300.2 g.m$^{-2}$ and weed density was 98.6 and 84.9 plants per m$^{-2}$. With increasing crop diversity, weed dry matter and density decreased and intercropping systems had the lowest weed dry matter. Crop species affected weed dry matter in monocultures. There was a negative correlation between diversity and weed dry matter. In the first year Shannon diversity index was highest in sesame and Ajowan monocultures (0.75 and 0.72, respectively). Different intercropping systems had the lowest Shannon index. In the second year, Shannon index was highest in soybean (Sahar variety) monoculture (0.72) and 3 Millet species intercropping (0.71). More researches on the effects of crop diversity on weed population (composition, density, diversity and dry matter) are needed in mixtures.







}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Intercropping, Shannon index, species diversity, weeds
\index[key]{Intercropping}
\index[key]{Shannon index}
\index[key]{Species diversity}
\index[key]{Weeds}
\end{document}