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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Politics of Water Distribution and its Impact on Local Livelihood: A Case of Locally Managed Irrigation System in Trans"=himalayan Region(THR) of Nepal},pdfauthor={Nilhari Neupane, Ernst-August Nuppenau},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Gross margin, political Power, Power coefficient, Social hierarchies},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Politics of Water Distribution and its Impact on Local Livelihood: A Case of Locally Managed Irrigation System in Trans"=himalayan Region(THR) of Nepal\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Nilhari Neupane, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Agricultural Policy and Market Research, Agricultural and Environmental Politics, Senckenbergstr. 3,  Giessen, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{nilhari.neupane@agrar.uni-giessen.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Nilhari Neupane$^{1}$, Ernst-August Nuppenau$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Agricultural Policy and Market Research, Agricultural and Environmental Politics, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Agricultural Policy and Market Research, Germany}}}
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\index[author]{Neupane, Nilhari}
\index[author]{Nuppenau, Ernst-August}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Trans-Himalayan Region (THR) of Nepal is characterised by severe shortage of irrigation water, locally governed norms, caste system and politicisation for resource resulted in disparity in resource distribution.  The society is divided into two distinct social hierarchies based upon the caste which are ruling and working class. This social dividend has given birth of differential political power situations and sharing mechanisms. In the locally managed irrigation system, ruling class; the decision maker; enjoys higher political power while working class are the labour and resource contributors. The water right is considered to confine on the ruling class and there exists exchange of water and labour in between two classes. The society still consists of provision of cultural kings. The king´s family and their relatives who first get irrigation water and afterwards water is diverted to working class field. The disparity exists not only in the availability of water but also in cultivation of the type of crops.  The ruling class prefers to cultivate the water demanding crops like cereals and the lower class cultivate low water requiring crops like potato. The frequencies and time of irrigation also differ in between the classes for the same crops. 







We attempted to quantify the political power which determines the amount of water to be supplied. The result shows that the ruling class; having higher power coefficient; are getting more water resulting in higher gross margin while the working class; politically inert class; has the reverse results.  The consequence of inequitable power distribution is the incidence of food insecurity and out migration especially to working class people. We also tried to simulate a model reducing the power coefficient of ruling class and the result has shown positive increase in gross margin of working class. This shows that local water governing constitution should be amended to bring equality in water distribution. Cropping pattern should be modified from higher water requiring crops like cereals (mostly used for alcohol production) to staple crops like potato. It is fundamental to rethink about caste hierarchy and ways to curb the disparity in political power and resource sharing pattern in THR.  







}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Gross margin, political Power, Power coefficient, Social hierarchies
\index[key]{Gross margin}
\index[key]{Political Power}
\index[key]{Power coefficient}
\index[key]{Social!hierarchies}
\end{document}