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\hypersetup{pdftitle={The Use of Poultry and Swine in Smallholder Farms in Colombia \& Nicaragua - A Value Chain Analysis},pdfauthor={Stefan Burkart, Federico Holmann, Michael Peters, Volker Hoffmann},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Latin America, monogastrics, multipurpose forages, value chain},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{The Use of Poultry and Swine in Smallholder Farms in Colombia \& Nicaragua - A Value Chain Analysis\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Stefan Burkart, University of Hohenheim, Department of Social Sciences in Agriculture, Ontariostr. 70, 70329~Stuttgart, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{sburkart@uni-hohenheim.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Stefan Burkart$^{1}$, Federico Holmann$^{2}$, Michael Peters$^{3}$, Volker Hoffmann$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Hohenheim, Department of Social Sciences in Agriculture, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Pasture Research, Colombia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$University of Hohenheim, Department of Social Sciences in Agriculture, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Burkart, Stefan}
\index[author]{Holmann, Federico}
\index[author]{Peters, Michael}
\index[author]{Hoffmann, Volker}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Poultry and swine production in smallholder farms in Colombia and Nicaragua is based on the backyard production system --- a flexible but also low productive system characterised by small livestock numbers fed with maize, feed concentrates and complements of farm waste. The national swine production and marketing in both countries mostly takes place locally, with little integration at national scale and low food safety/health standards. Concerning the national poultry production most, of it takes place in large vertically integrated farms with high food safety/health standards --- with smallholder production playing a minor role. Objectives of this study were to identify the role of poultry and swine for smallholder farmers in terms of family income and food security and to analyse feeding strategies, resource allocation and market alternatives. To achieve this, a value chain analysis was conducted in Colombia and Nicaragua in 2009, using semi"=quantitative interviews for value chain participants. Results show that the poultry production by smallholders happens in both countries mostly on a subsistence level and is therefore an important source of animal protein for the rural family's nutritional well"=being. Swine are exclusively produced for local marketing and seen as alternatives for rural families to obtain additional income using existing on"=farm resources (e.g. family labour, household waste, on"=farm grown maize). Concerning the nutritional contribution of the diet to protein and energy needs of the livestock, a deficiency was observed in both countries, with protein being the most limiting factor for an increased productivity. Major problems perceived by the smallholders are insufficient supply of credit and high purchase prices for feed concentrates which both limit them in production. Improved multipurpose forages could reduce the diet deficiency and make smallholders less depending on high feed prices. Slaughtering and marketing of swine takes place in farm backyards disregarding health and food safety standards and lacking any control by the national Ministries of Agriculture or Health. This limits smallholders expanding on more developed markets.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Latin America, monogastrics, multipurpose forages, value chain
\index[key]{Latin America}
\index[key]{Monogastrics}
\index[key]{Multipurpose forages}
\index[key]{Value chain}
\end{document}