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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effects of Combined Application of Organic Manures and Biofertilisers on Soil Fertility and Grain Yield of Black Gram (\textit{Vigna mungo} (L.) Hepper) },pdfauthor={Rajasekaran Murugan, Peter von Fragstein, Swaminathan Chitraputhirapillai},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Co-inoculation, black gram, neem cake, per capita availability, productivity, pulses},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Effects of Combined Application of Organic Manures and Biofertilisers on Soil Fertility and Grain Yield of Black Gram (\textit{Vigna mungo} (L.) Hepper) \footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Rajasekaran Murugan, University of Kassel, Department of Organic Farming and Cropping Systems, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213~Witzenhausen, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{kingsagar2thi@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Rajasekaran Murugan$^{1}$, Peter von Fragstein$^{1}$, Swaminathan Chitraputhirapillai$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Kassel, Department of Organic Farming and Cropping Systems, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Department of Agronomy, India}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Murugan, Rajasekaran}
\index[author]{von Fragstein, Peter}
\index[author]{Chitraputhirapillai, Swaminathan}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
India is the leading country in area, production (25\,\%) and growing wide variety of pulse crops but still the largest importer of pulses with 34\,\% of the global food use. The national average pulse productivity (597\,kg\,ha\textsuperscript{-1}) is far below than the global average of 857\,kg\,ha\textsuperscript{-1}. Consequently, per capita availability of pulses declined from 60.7 to 29.4 g day-1 during 1951 to 2007. This is mainly due to the growing importance on cereal crops, decreasing soil nutrient status and emerging secondary and minor nutrient deficiencies.  Therefore, a field experiment was conducted with black gram (\textit{Vigna mungo }(L.) Hepper) in Tamil Nadu, India to investigate the influence of farm yard manure (FYM), neem cake (NEC) in combination with \textit{Rhizobium leguminosarum} bv. \textit{phaseoli} (RHL), \textit{Pseudomonas fluorescence }(PSF). Parameters of assessment were soil fertility, grain yield, plant dry matter and protein content of black gram seeds. The highest grain yield (1122\,kg\,ha\textsuperscript{-1}) was recorded with combined application of NEC+RHL+PSF, which is 194 \% higher than control treatment. Combined application of RHL+PSF with either NEC or FYM increased the soil organic carbon by 30 \%, over control. The addition of nitrogen in soil was ranged from 3.2 to 43\,kg\,ha\textsuperscript{-1} in treated plots.  RHL inoculation with either NEC (15\,kg\,N\,ha\textsuperscript{-1}) or FYM (26\,kg\,N\,ha\textsuperscript{-1}) recorded higher nitrogen addition than PSF. On the other hand, PSF application recorded higher phosphorus availability than RHL treatments. Co-inoculation of RHL+PSF with NEC was the most potent combination with the addition of 43\,kg\,N\,ha\textsuperscript{-1} and 4.2\,kg\,P\,ha\textsuperscript{-1} than FYM. Contrastingly, negative balance was observed with potassium availability. Unlike nitrogen and phosphorus, combined inoculation of RHL+PSF with FYM increased the bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes population by 172, 333 and 268\,\%, respectively, over initial soil status. The NEC+RHL+PSF combination increased the average total plant dry matter and seed protein content by 158 and 30\,\%, respectively, over control. The results indicate that integrated supply of RHL and PSF along with NEC or FYM plays a significant role in improving soil fertility and pulse productivity. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Co"=inoculation, black gram, neem cake, per capita availability, productivity, pulses
\index[key]{Co"=inoculation}
\index[key]{Black gram}
\index[key]{Neem cake}
\index[key]{Per capita availability}
\index[key]{Pulses}
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