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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Drought Occurrence, the Most Important Reducing Factor, and Sowing Date, the Most Important Practice to Optimise Millet Production Systems in Northeast of Iran},pdfauthor={Behnam Kamkar, Abdolmajid Mahdavi Damghani},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Food security, millet, system optimisation, yield gap},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Drought Occurrence, the Most Important Reducing Factor, and Sowing Date, the Most Important Practice to Optimise Millet Production Systems in Northeast of Iran\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Behnam Kamkar, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Dept. of Agronomy, Basij Square, Gorgan, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{bkamkar@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Behnam Kamkar$^{1}$, Abdolmajid Mahdavi Damghani$^{2}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Dept. of Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Kamkar, Behnam}
\index[author]{Mahdavi Damghani, Abdolmajid}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In order to determine the most important factors affecting dry matter and grain yield production in pearl millet fields of Khorasan provinces, a simple model was prepared and tested by independent data to predict potential yield of millet species in four regions. Then yield gap analysis was done to calculate the magnitude of yield reduction by reducing factors (Grain yield Gap;GYG). To obtain mean actual yield, 86 fields were monitored during growing season of 2001--2002. Calculated GYG (potential yield minus actual yield) in three millet species indicated that in all regions and sowing dates, GYG was considerable (changed from 0.33 to \unitfrac[9.46]{t}{ha} depending on region and sowing date). Sensitivity analysis of millet model for different sowing dates indicated a strength correlation between GYG and sowing dates in all regions. Using MRT procedure by data mining method showed that drought occurrence during growing season in common and especially during grain filling period were the most important affecting reducing factors, as overall 71--\mbox{78\,\%} of fields faced by drought stress during growing season (with 57--\mbox{59\,\%} in grain filling period). The results of sensitivity analysis by the model showed that early planting of millet species (Around mid June) could alleviate unfavourable effects of drought in all studied regions. However, because millet species are cultivated as second crop in common rotations of all studied regions, the first crop (commonly wheat) should be a short"=season type. Based on MRT method, cooling stress, birds attack, and diseases were in the next priority of importance. Undoubtedly, filling the gaps by optimising the management scenarios can be an hopeful option to provide food security especially in smallholder systems of millet production.    







}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Food security, millet, system optimisation, yield gap
\index[key]{Food!security}
\index[key]{Millet}
\index[key]{System optimization}
\index[key]{Yield gap}
\end{document}