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\hypersetup{pdftitle={The Spaces and Places of Food Security:  Learning from Spatial, Hierarchical, and Econometric Models in Urban Data"=poor Areas},pdfauthor={Laura Grant, Anna Carla Lopez-Carr, David Lopez-Carr},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Econometric, food security, multi-level, spatial, statistics},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{The Spaces and Places of Food Security:  Learning from Spatial, Hierarchical, and Econometric Models in Urban Data"=poor Areas\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Anna Carla Lopez-Carr, San Diego State University, Geography, 966 West Campus Lane, 93117~Goleta, United States of America, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{lopez.ac@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Laura Grant$^{1}$, Anna Carla Lopez-Carr$^{2}$, David Lopez-Carr$^{3}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of California, Santa Barbara, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, United States of America}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$San Diego State University, Geography, United States of America}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of California, Santa Barbara, Geography, United States of America}}}
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\index[author]{Grant, Laura}
\index[author]{Lopez-Carr, Anna Carla}
\index[author]{Lopez-Carr, David}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
In data poor areas, the use of statistical models is often determined by the quantity and quality of the data. However, statistical modelling may also be limited by inherent biases in a researcher's native discipline. Geographers, for example, would prefer the use of spatial models, population scientists often use hierarchical models, and economists economic. Here, we explore the pros and cons of three model outcomes, which allow us to evaluate the range of predictions and how they would significantly influence our research conclusions. Using food security survey data for Accra, Ghana collected in 2003, we examine the information derived from spatial, hierarchical, and econometric models respectively. While the data source is the same, the outcomes are different, highlighting the caution researchers must use when determining an appropriate statistical approach.  The spatial model delivered vital information on the geographic distribution of food security across the urban landscape, highlight areas of particular concern ``hotspots'' with statistically significant values. Our use of the hierarchical model, or multi"=level model, separated the effects of household versus neighbourhood level variables, allowing us to distinguish the level at which variables were most influential. Lastly, our econometric model emphasised the economic trends among household based on estimated values of household wealth. The choice of statistical model may point the researcher towards a path of ecological fallacy or delightful parsimony. Together, these three models allow us to draw a more complete picture of food security patterns in Accra, and to draw important and more comprehensive conclusions for policy recommendations.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Econometric, food security, multi"=level, spatial, statistics
\index[key]{Econometric}
\index[key]{Food!security}
\index[key]{Multi"=level}
\index[key]{Spatial}
\index[key]{Statistics}
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