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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Major Constraints of Milk Production, Collection, Processing and marketing, Zoba Anseba, Eritrea },pdfauthor={Michael Ghebremariam, Goitom Asghedom, Butsuamlak Tsegai, Alemseged Mogos},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Dairy farms, Eritrea, milk production},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Major Constraints of Milk Production, Collection, Processing and marketing, Zoba Anseba, Eritrea \footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Michael Ghebremariam, Hamelmalo Agricultural College, Veterinary Sciences, Keren (Hamelmalo), Eritrea, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{michaelvet@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Michael Ghebremariam$^{1}$, Goitom Asghedom$^{2}$, Butsuamlak Tsegai$^{3}$, Alemseged Mogos$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Hamelmalo Agricultural College, Veterinary Sciences, Eritrea}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Hamelmalo Agricultural College, Animal Sciences, Eritrea}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Resources, Eritrea}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Ministry of Agriculture, Central Office, Eritrea}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Ghebremariam, Michael}
\index[author]{Asghedom, Goitom}
\index[author]{Tsegai, Butsuamlak}
\index[author]{Mogos, Alemseged}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
A baseline study on the milk production, collection, processing and marketing was conducted
 in the Zoba Anseba, Eritrea. During the study, four sub"=zobas were taken. The selected sub"=zobas were: Keren, Hagaz, Adi-Tekeleza, and Hamelmalo (Sutur). These sub"=zobas are considered as major milk producing areas in the Zoba Anseba. The main objective was to identify major constraints and opportunities facing the smallholder dairy farmers in the Zoba. Semi"=structured questionnaires were used to collect data through interviews and group discussions. Dairy farms were selected randomly based on stratification.







The result shows that the performance of cows in terms of milk yields was low. This was mainly attributed to low levels of nutrition, management, inadequate veterinary services, and shortage of veterinary drugs. In the smallholder dairy sector, feeds were limiting quantitatively and qualitatively. In most of the farms, alfalfa and crop residues, mainly stover were the primary feed sources. The high cost and unavailability of commercial concentrates in the market resulted in inconsistent and inadequate concentrate supplementation



for increased milk yield. Thus, the farmers indicated the return from the milk sales to be poor. Moreover, the farmers have indicated the availability of very small or no land to grow adequate forage crops at reasonable cost. The study has showed that the farmers feed their animals with `concentrates' and green feeds indiscriminately irrespective of the amount of milk they produce. Water shortage was also a serious problem in most of the farms. Apart from these, prevalence of animal diseases (\textit{e.g.} Mastitis, Pneumonia, bloat, placental retention, food and moth disease, and tick born disease), and inadequate veterinary



services were also other major problems. The inadequacy in veterinary services was attributed to unavailability of transportation and few numbers of veterinarians and assistant veterinarians in the field. The discussion with the dairy association representatives have brought to light that, unavailability of offices and stores to keep feed reserve are the major hindrance to the effectiveness of the associations. Moreover, they have indicated that lack of adequate knowledge and skill in management and administration to be other major culprit not to run their associations' day"=to-day activity effectively.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Dairy farms, Eritrea, milk production
\index[key]{Dairy farms}
\index[key]{Eritrea}
\index[key]{Milk production}
\end{document}