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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Estimation of the Cardinal Temperatures and Required Biological Days from Sowing to Emergence of Three Millet Species (Common, Foxtail, Pearl millet)},pdfauthor={Morteza Eshraghi Nejad, Behnam Kamkar, Afshin Soltani},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Cardinal temperature, emergence, germination rate, millet, nonlinear fitting},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\begin{document}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Estimation of the Cardinal Temperatures and Required Biological Days from Sowing to Emergence of Three Millet Species (Common, Foxtail, Pearl millet)\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Behnam Kamkar, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Dept. of Agronomy, Basij Square, Gorgan, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{bkamkar@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Morteza Eshraghi Nejad, Behnam Kamkar, Afshin Soltani}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Department of Agronomy, Iran}}}
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\index[author]{Eshraghi Nejad, Morteza}
\index[author]{Kamkar, Behnam}
\index[author]{Soltani, Afshin}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Seedling emergence probably is the single most important phenological event that influences the success of annual plants. The effects of temperature on plant development are the basis for models used to predict the timing of germination. The modelling of germination and seedling emergence is required for the construction of a simulation model of three species of millet (\textit{Panicum miliaceum}, \textit{Pennisetum galucum} and \textit{Setaria italica}). This study provides the necessary temperature parameters to model these processes. For this purpose, different non"=linear regression models including flat, logistic, quadratic, sigmoidal, dent"=like, segmented, beta and curvilinear were used. Root Mean Square of Errors, coefficient of determination and regression coefficients of predicted values versus observed were used to find the appropriate model. Investigating regression coefficients indicated that dent"=like model has the least RMSE and a coefficient (RMSE=0.000009, a=0.0006) and the biggest R$^{2}$ and b coefficient (R$^{2}$=0.96, b=0.98) in common millet. These coefficients were (RMSE=0.01, a=0.005) and (R$^{2}$=0.94, b=0.97), and (RMSE=0.004, a=0.05) and (R$^{2}$=0.99, b=0.99), for beta in foxtail and pearl millet, respectively. According to these coefficients, dent"=like, was chosen as the best model to describe the response of common millet germination to temperature (Tb=7\&\#8451; and Tc=49.50\&\#8451;). Also beta, was chosen for foxtail millet (Tb=7\&\#8451;, Tc=49.50) and pearl millet (Tb=6.5 \&\#8451; and Tc=4 \&\#8451;). Also, required biological days from sowing to emergence using these models varied from 3.57, 4.29 and 5.54, for common millet, foxtail millet and pearl millet, respectively. These parameters can be used in millet simulation models to predict sowing to emergence duration based on a thermal time concept.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Cardinal temperature, emergence, germination rate, millet, nonlinear fitting
\index[key]{Cardinal temperature}
\index[key]{Emergence}
\index[key]{Germination rate}
\index[key]{Millet}
\index[key]{Nonlinear fitting}
\end{document}