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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effects of Seed Density and Seed Treatment on the Germination and Establishment of Different Halophyte Shrub Species},pdfauthor={Mounir Louhaichi, Fahim Ghassali},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Halophytes, image processing, mediterranean rangelands, vegetation cover, VegMeasure},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Effects of Seed Density and Seed Treatment on the Germination and Establishment of Different Halophyte Shrub Species\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Mounir Louhaichi, International Center for Agricultural Reserach in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Diversification \& Sustainable Intensification of Production Systems, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{m.louhaichi@cgiar.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Mounir Louhaichi, Fahim Ghassali}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{International Center for Agricultural Reserach in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Diversification \& Sustainable Intensification of Production Systems, Syria}}}
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\index[author]{Louhaichi, Mounir}
\index[author]{Ghassali, Fahim}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Halophyte shrub species have great potential for rehabilitation of highly degraded and saline Mediterranean rangelands. They are traditionally planted in nursery before transplanted to the permanent site. However, the cost of producing huge quantity to cover vast areas is exorbitant. Direct seeding presents a suitable alternative if the success rate is acceptable. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of direct seeding using different seed treatments and seed rates on seed germination and establishment of seven halophyte shrub species (\textit{Atriplex halimus}, \textit{A. canescens}, \textit{A. leucoclada}, \textit{A. nummularia}, \textit{A. lentiformis}, \textit{Salsola vermiculata}, and \textit{Haloxylon apyllum}). Two seed treatments (whole seed and naked caryopses) and three seed densities 10, 30, and 60 seeds per pot) were applied to five replications using completely randomised design. The study was conducted under semi"=arid field condition at ICARDA's headquarters research station in Syria. Results showed a significant differences among the species and seed treatments and their interaction (P$<$.001). In contrast, there were no significant differences for the seed density. These results confirm our hypothesis that traditional methods for planting seeds in high seed density are not affecting the overall germination rate. Seed density of \textit{A. halimus} and \textit{S. vermiculata} showed the highest percent germination for both seed treatments. At the exception of \textit{A. leocuclada}, seed fruits gave better germination than naked caryopses. After germination all plots were thinned to one seedling which was monitored for one year. We used a digital image processing technique to estimate percent vegetation cover as an indication of plant vegetative growth.  Seed treatments had no significant effect on plant establishment. There was significant difference among the species ($p < 0.001$) with \textit{A. leucoclada} having the highest vegetation cover in contrast to \textit{H.  apyllum} which has the lowest canopy cover. }

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Halophytes, image processing, mediterranean rangelands, vegetation cover, VegMeasure
\index[key]{Halophytes}
\index[key]{Image processing}
\index[key]{Mediterranean rangelands}
\index[key]{Vegetation cover}
\index[key]{VegMeasure}
\index[key]{Atriplex@\textit{Atriplex}}
\end{document}