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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Chitosan Can Reduce Harmful Effects of Water Stress on Safflower(carthamus Tinctorius L.)},pdfauthor={Batool Mahdavi, Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy, Majid Aghaalikhani, Mozafar Sharifi},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Chitosan, germination, physiological characteristics, safflower, water stress},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Chitosan Can Reduce Harmful Effects of Water Stress on Safflower(carthamus Tinctorius L.)\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy, Tarbiat Modares University, Agronomy, PO Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{sadatesmaelan@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Batool Mahdavi$^{1}$, Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy$^{2}$, Majid Aghaalikhani$^{3}$, Mozafar Sharifi$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Tarbiat Modares University, Agronomy Department, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Tarbiat Modares University, Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Tarbiat Modares University, Agronomy, Iran}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Tarbiat Modares University, Plant Science Department, Iran}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Mahdavi, Batool}
\index[author]{Modarres-Sanavy, Seyed Ali Mohammad}
\index[author]{Aghaalikhani, Majid}
\index[author]{Sharifi, Mozafar}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of chitosan on germination, morphological and physiological characteristics of safflower under water deficit stress. In Laboratory experiment treatments comprised of factorial combinations of four osmotic potential levels (0, -4, -8 and -12 bar, prepared by PEG 6000) and nine chitosan concentrations (0, 0.05, .1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 2, \mbox{3\,\%}, all dissolved in \mbox{1\,\%} acetic acid) along with an additional treatment of distilled water. The pot experiment was conducted with three factors including chitosan concentrations (0, 0.05, \mbox{0.1\,\%}) along with an additional treatment of distilled water, foliar application timings (before and during stem elongation) and water deficit levels (unstressed control and withholding irrigation until \mbox{40\,\%} available water). Laboratory experiment results showed that germination percentage, germination index, shoot and root height, shoot and root dry weight and protein content decreased with increasing water stress. Proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased by increasing osmotic potential to -8 bar. The greatest shoot height and dry weight were observed at \mbox{0.4\,\%} chitosan. At low concentrations of chitosan (0.05---\mbox{0.4\,\%}) protein and proline content increased and MDA content decreased. In the highest level of osmotic potential (-12 bar), germination percentage, shoot and root height increased by low concentrations of chitosan in comparison with distilled water treatment. Also at this osmotic potential the least rate of former parameters obtained by 1---\mbox{3\,\%} chitosan. pot experiment results revealed that the greatest leaf area and root dry weight obtained at \mbox{0.05\,\%} chitosan treatment. The highest of shoot dry weight, Fv/Fm and proline content in leaves were observed after chitosan application at concentration \mbox{0.1\,\%}. MDA content was decreased by 0.05 and \mbox{0.1\,\%} chitosan application. Spraying with \mbox{0.1\,\%} chitosan before stem elongation seems to increase leaf area, Fv/Fm and Fm under water deficit stress conditions. Conversely, MDA content of safflower leaves at 0.05 chitosan application before stem elongation was \mbox{35.3\,\%} less than distilled water treatments. In this condition, the lowest proline content of safflower leaves obtained at \mbox{0.1\,\%} chitosan treatment. The results of the present study indicated that this biostimulator may reduce the harmful effects of water stress.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Chitosan, germination, physiological characteristics, safflower, water stress
\index[key]{Chitosan}
\index[key]{Germination}
\index[key]{Physiological characteristics}
\index[key]{Safflower}
\index[key]{Water!stress}
\end{document}