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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Diversity Determinants of Indigenous Fruit Trees in Homegardens of  the Nuba Mountains, Central Sudan},pdfauthor={Martin Wiehle, Sven Goenster, Katja Kehlenbeck, Jens Gebauer, Andreas Buerkert},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={ , agroforestry, In situ conservation, Jubraka, Nutrition security, Shannon index },pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Diversity Determinants of Indigenous Fruit Trees in Homegardens of  the Nuba Mountains, Central Sudan\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Andreas Buerkert, University of Kassel, Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Steinstraße 19, 37213~Witzenhausen, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{tropcrops@uni-kassel.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Martin Wiehle$^{1}$, Sven Goenster$^{1}$, Katja Kehlenbeck$^{2}$, Jens Gebauer$^{1}$, Andreas Buerkert$^{1}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Kassel, Organic Plant Production and Agrosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$World Agroforestry Centre ICRAF, Tree Genetic Resources and Domestication, Kenya}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Wiehle, Martin}
\index[author]{Goenster, Sven}
\index[author]{Kehlenbeck, Katja}
\index[author]{Gebauer, Jens}
\index[author]{Buerkert, Andreas}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\small{
Indigenous fruit trees (IFTs) play an important role for nutrition and cash income of rural communities in East Africa, particularly for children and women. While the occurrence of IFTs in the natural vegetation is threatened by  over"=use, agroforestry homegardens offer an opportunity for cultivating these trees, thus contributing to their \textit{in~situ} conservation. Quantitative data on IFT diversity in homegardens is lacking for most of East Africa. The present study aims to inventory IFTs in homegardens (locally called `jubraka') in the Nuba Mountains, Central Sudan, and to assess socioeconomic and ecological factors determining IFT diversity. 



In 36 randomly selected homegardens of two villages in the southwest (Sama) and 
southeast (Kalogi) of the Nuba Mountains, richness  and abundance of IFTs were 
recorded and diversity indices calculated. Garden sizes were measured and socioeconomic household data gathered. 



A total of 13 IFT species were cultivated in 36 gardens. Mean IFT species richness per garden was not significantly higher in Sama than in Kalogi (2.5 versus 1.3, $p=0.107$), while other IFT diversity indices did so (Shannon index 0.82 versus 0.31, $p>0.001$; Shannon evenness 0.74 versus 0.35, $p=0.017$). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that IFT species richness was determined by the location Sama ($p=0.007$,  $\beta$=0.387), number of household members older than 67 years ($p=0.014$,  $\beta$=0.389) and size of homegarden ($p = 0.036$,  $\beta$=0.329). The Shannon index was also correlated with the location ($p=0.001$, $\beta$=0.460), number of old household members ($p<0.001$, $\beta$=0.537) and the level of commercialisation ($p=0.002$, $\beta$=0.451). The Shannon evenness depended on location ($p=0.001$,  $\beta$=0.536), ratio of children to adults ($p=0.002$, $\beta$=0.498), number of old household members ($p=0.005$, $\beta$=0.469) and garden size ($p=0.025$, $\beta$=-0.366). The variables gender and education of the gardener, poverty level and average age of adults of the household, possession status of the garden and garden management techniques such as use of pesticides and organic fertiliser did not seem to affect IFT richness and diversity. 



The data indicate that large commercial gardens of  households with old members and many children are most suitable for \textit{in~situ} conservation of IFT species in the study area. }

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agroforestry, \textit{in~situ} conservation, Shannon index, home gardens
\index[key]{Agroforestry}
\index[key]{\textit{In~situ} conservation}
\index[key]{Shannon index}
\index[key]{Home gardens }
\end{document}