\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Effect of Broad Bed and Furrow under Different Nitrogen Levels on Irrigated Grain Sorghum Yield at Gezira Scheme},pdfauthor={Elasha Elasha},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Broadbed and furrows, Gezira scheme, ridges, yield attributes},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2010.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2010.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Effect of Broad Bed and Furrow under Different Nitrogen Levels on Irrigated Grain Sorghum Yield at Gezira Scheme\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Elasha Elasha, Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Sorghum Research Program, P.O 126~Wad Medani, Sudan, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{elashaelasha@yahoo.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Elasha Elasha}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Sorghum Research Program, Sudan}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Elasha, Elasha}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
A trial was conducted at the Gezira research Farm for three seasons (2007 to 2009) in response to an observation that many farmers under the new law of the Gezira scheme, use to sow their sorghum on broadbed and furrow. This necessitates the importance to furnish scientific information to farmers adopting this technique as to advise them of its merits or otherwise. Therefore, the objective of the trial was to study and ultimately recommend a practical inter"=row orientation that could either increase grain, stover or biomass yield under different nitrogen levels. It was raised out in split plot design where nitrogen levels (0N, 1N (\mbox{40\,kg} urea/fed), 2N and 3N) were the main plots while sowing on ridges and on broadbed and furrows were the subplots. Ridges were  \mbox{0.8\,m} apart while the broadbed and furrows were \mbox{1.6\,m}. Sorghum was sown in one row at top of the ridges compared to three rows sown on the broadbed and furrow (one towards each edge and at the centre). Data on days to \mbox{50\,\%} flowering, plant height, panicle length, 100 grain mass, grain yield, stover, biomass and harvest index for the three seasons were combined analysed using IRRISTAT (2005). The combined results showed significant differences among seasons and nitrogen levels in all the measured attributes. Compared to the control, nitrogen fertilisation increased grain yield, stover, biomass and harvest index by \mbox{74\,\%}, \mbox{29\,\%}, \mbox{37\,\%} and \mbox{35\,\%} respectively. Grain yield, stover and harvest index were not affected by the sowing method, but the biomass yield was significantly affected by sowing on broadbed and furrow as compared to sowing on ridges. Since the biomass yield was an important yield attribute to the farmer, the study recommended sowing of irrigated grain sorghum on broad bed and furrow of \mbox{160\,cm} width on three rows under irrigation at Gezira using \mbox{80\,kg} urea. The recommendation is not a replacement for sowing grain sorghum on ridges, but rather, an additional option to the farmer under the new law of the Gezira Scheme.



}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Broadbed and furrows, Gezira scheme, ridges, yield attributes
\index[key]{Irrigation!broadbed}
\index[key]{Irrigation!furrows}
\index[key]{Sudan!Gezira scheme}
\index[key]{Sorghum!yield}
\end{document}