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\hypersetup{pdftitle={The Potential of Organic Agriculture as a Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy in Developing Countries},pdfauthor={Adrian Muller},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Adaptation, climate variability, mitigation, organic agriculture},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{The Potential of Organic Agriculture as a Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy in Developing Countries\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Adrian Muller, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Socio-economics / Climate Change, Ackerstrasse, 5070~Frick, Switzerland, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{adrian.mueller@fibl.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Adrian Muller}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Socio-economics / Climate Change, Switzerland}}}
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\index[author]{Muller, Adrian}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
I present how organic agriculture fulfils most of the requirements for mitigation in the agricultural sector as stated in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. In addition, I show that it meets many criteria of optimal adaptation strategies such as formulated by several intergovernmental organisations, governmental agencies and NGOs. Organic agriculture is thus a promising option for adaptation in rural smallholder communities in the South. 




There are indications that, compared to conventional agriculture, organic agriculture emits less N$_{2}$O from nitrogen application (due to lower nitrogen input), less N$_{2}$O and CH$_{4}^{}$ from biomass waste burning (as burning is avoided), and requires less energy (with correspondingly lower CO$_{2}$ emissions), mainly due to zero chemical fertiliser use. This also avoids the N$_{2}$O emissions from fertiliser production. In addition, organic agriculture has a huge potential for soil carbon sequestration, due to its focus on increasing soil fertility, viz. increasing soil organic matter contents. 




Its synergies between mitigation and adaptation also exert a positive influence. This in part due to the increased soil organic matter, which reduces vulnerability to drought periods, extreme precipitation events and water"=logging. The high diversity of crops and farming activities in organic agriculture, together with its lower input costs, reduce economic risks. Organic agriculture has additional benefits beyond its direct relevance for mitigation and adaptation to climate change and climate variability, as it helps to increase food security and water protection.




Adaptation and mitigation based on organic agriculture can build on well"=established practice, as organic agriculture is a sustainable livelihood strategy with decades of experience in several climate zones and under a wide range of specific local conditions. In addition, the financial requirements of organic agriculture as an adaptation or mitigation strategy are low. 




Notwithstanding this potential, many critical points remain: Further research is needed on yields and more details need to be researched on its sequestration potential, in particular in tropical soils. In addition, the N$_{2}$O and CH$_{4}^{}$ dynamics need to be researched in further detail. Other key critical points are information provision and institutional structures such as market access, which are decisive for its success as a livelihood strategy. 
}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Adaptation, climate variability, mitigation, organic agriculture
\index[key]{Adaptation}
\index[key]{Climate change}
\index[key]{Climate variability}
\index[key]{Mitigation}
\index[key]{Organic!agriculture}
\index[key]{Rural!development}
\index[key]{Sustainable!livelihoods}
\index[key]{Vulnerability}
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