\documentclass[english,german]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{verbose,a4paper,tmargin=1.75cm,bmargin=2cm,lmargin=2cm,rmargin=2cm,headheight=0.8cm,headsep=0.5cm,footskip=0.5cm}
\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage{url}
\urlstyle{same}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{same}\Url}\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{units}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{wasysym} % enable use of \permil instead of \textperthousand
\usepackage{marvosym}
\usepackage{arabtex}
\usepackage{hyphenat}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{mdwlist}
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\relax}
\usepackage{index}
\newindex{key}{kdx}{knd}{Keywords}
\newindex{author}{idx}{ind}{Authors}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\fancyfoot{}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
%\usepackage[activate]{pdfcprot}
%\usepackage[owner=Tapioka, print=true, copy=true, edit=false, annotate=false,set]{pdfcrypt}
%encryption: not supported any more (since pdftex 1.10)
\usepackage[pdftex]{thumbpdf}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={Agricultural Policy and Enduring Dilemma of the Subsistent Farmers. Where Are We Heading To?},pdfauthor={Lila Karki, Siegfried Bauer, Nilhari Neupane, Uma Karki},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Agricultural policy, household food self sufficiency, keywords: subsistence farming, livestock commodity groups, resource allocation},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
\else
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\fi
\begin{document}
\ifpdf
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2010.jpg}}}
\else
\parbox[b]{2.5cm}{\resizebox*{2.5cm}{!}{\includegraphics{dtt2010.eps}}}
\fi
\hfill
\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
\hspace{0.1cm}
\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Agricultural Policy and Enduring Dilemma of the Subsistent Farmers. Where Are We Heading To?\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Lila Karki, PadmaDal Memorial Academy, Nepal, Mulkharka - 2, Phalate, G.P.O:25345~Okhaldhunga, Nepal, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{contactlilakarki2010@gmail.com}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Lila Karki$^{1}$, Siegfried Bauer$^{2}$, Nilhari Neupane$^{3}$, Uma Karki$^{4}$}}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$PadmaDal Memorial Academy, Nepal, Nepal}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Institute of Farm and Agribusiness Management, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Agricultural Policy and Market Research, Agricultural and Environmental Politics, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{4}$Tuskegee University, Cooperative Extension, USA}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Karki, Lila}
\index[author]{Bauer, Siegfried}
\index[author]{Neupane, Nilhari}
\index[author]{Karki, Uma}
\begin{center}
\vspace{1.1cm}
\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
 We, Nepali agriculturists and development professionals have unanswered questions for long as poor farmers are getting even poorer instead of getting well off over the years despite the numerous technologies, series of extension typologies, numerous plans; projects, support services, and capacity building activities. The question, therefore, is: what makes the small producers synonymously subsistent farmers' standards so miserable? 







 The overall objective of the study was to investigate the most suitable farm enterprises, efficient use of scarce resources, illustrate factors determining poverty and food self"=sufficiency, and working out optimal farm plans in order to maximise the farm income as majority of the farmers in rural areas are subsistent; simply striving for enough food year round. 



 Face"=face interviews of 102 subsistent farmers were conducted in the western mid hill region of Nepal. Four livestock commodity groups (cattle, buffalo, goat and pig) intervened by the livestock project were chosen for the study. Secondary information though unpublished was also reviewed regarding plans, policies, and programs about livestock development over the years. It was hypothesised that the living standards of the target farmers has improved through increased agriculture, more specifically the livestock production. 







 The study analysed existing farm conditions, type of interventions, volume of support services, applied implementation methodology, strengths and weaknesses and achievements at the farm level. The study applied SWOT, DAD, Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve, SPSS, and Linear programming techniques to analyse and interpret the collected farm data. 



 The analysed data reveals that support services were too minimal, heterogeneity prevails in homogenous farmers' group, determinants of poverty, the gap between farmers' needs and aspirations and agricultural policy and program. Of the four livestock, buffalo has economic dominance over other three enterprises. The scale of production doesn't yield any wages to the involved family labour. The families simply work and consume what has been produced within the farm boundary. 







}

\vspace{0.5cm}
\end{abstract}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Agricultural policy, household food self sufficiency, keywords: subsistence farming, livestock commodity groups, resource allocation
\index[key]{Agricultural!policy}
\index[key]{Household!food self sufficiency}
\index[key]{Keywords: subsistence farming}
\index[key]{Livestock!commodity groups}
\index[key]{Resource!allocation}
\end{document}