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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Wetlands Farming Contribution to Rural Livelihoods: Experiences from Lowlands vs. Highlands of East Africa},pdfauthor={Nome Sakane, Mark T. van Wijk, Emiliana Mwita, Mathias Becker, Matthias Langensiepen, Ken Giller},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Highlands, Kenya, lowlands, rural livelihoods, Tanzania, wetland farming},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\Large{\textbf{Wetlands Farming Contribution to Rural Livelihoods: Experiences from Lowlands vs. Highlands of East Africa\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Matthias Langensiepen, University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 5, 53115~Bonn, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{matthias.langensiepen@uni-bonn.de}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Nome Sakane$^{1}$, Mark T. van Wijk$^{1}$, Emiliana Mwita$^{2}$, Mathias Becker$^{3}$, Matthias Langensiepen$^{3}$, Ken Giller$^{1}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences, The Netherlands}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$University of Bonn, Geography Department, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{3}$University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Sakane, Nome}
\index[author]{van Wijk, Mark T.}
\index[author]{Mwita, Emiliana}
\index[author]{Becker, Mathias}
\index[author]{Langensiepen, Matthias}
\index[author]{Giller, Ken}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
Today, wetlands, in all proportions of their size, are part of the resource base in East Africa. Wetlands at the study sites comprise narrow highland inland valley and extensive highland and lowland floodplain types with agricultural potential. Every household, with access to such areas, virtually uses them in some way. We investivaged the origins of these wetlands farming in Lushoto and Korogwe districts in Tanzania and in Nyeri and Laikipia West districts in Kenya. We captured wetland use types and contribution to rural household livelihoods in general and to food security in specific using survey questionnaires and farmers' group discussion. In total, we surveyed about 150 wetland farming households in Malindi and Mombo divisions in Tanzania and 130 households in Mathira and Rumuruti districts in Kenya from January to July 2009. In addition, combined GIS and remote sensing methods detected their cover and use changes. In their steady state, wetlands are sources of drinking water, forage and thatching material. Tracing the origins of wetlands cultivation is difficult due to its variable use history; however, in most cases, farmers attributed it to food shortages onon uplands due to drought. Cultivation (\mbox{82\,\%}) and grazing (\mbox{18\,\%}) were primary uses across sites, whereas cultivation varied in crop types and cropping intensity between sites. For example, farmers cultivated traditional rainfed maize and rice in Malinda floodplain (Mombo) whereas market"=oriented vegetables and Irish potatoes were grown in Lukozi valley (Shume). Secondary uses, such as water collection, macrophytes harvesting, grass cutting and settlements, varied between highland and lowland sites. Wetland cultivation contributed to rural farmers livelihoods (above \mbox{65\,\%} of the total sample) in general and to their food security in specific (about \mbox{80\,\%} of the total sample). Broadly, wetland drainage and cultivation dates back to the 1950s, (after land demarcation), in Mathira and to the 1970s in Rumuruti divisions of Kenya respectively. By 1977 (after villages regroupement) wetlands were cultivated in Malindi and in Mombo divisions in Tanzania.}

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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Highlands, Kenya, lowlands, rural livelihoods, Tanzania, wetland farming
\index[key]{Highlands}
\index[key]{Kenya}
\index[key]{Lowlands}
\index[key]{Rural!livelihoods}
\index[key]{Tanzania}
\index[key]{Wetland farming}
\end{document}