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\hypersetup{pdftitle={Measuring Water Footprints in Dairy Farms Worldwide: Implications for Food Security},pdfauthor={Nadira Sultana, Mohammad Mohi Uddin, Othman Alqaisi, Oghaiki Asaah Ndambi, Torsten Hemme},pdfsubject={Tropentag 2010: Abstract},pdfkeywords={Dairying, food security, water footprints},pdfpagemode=None,colorlinks=true}
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\parbox[b]{13.4cm}{\centering \large{\textbf{Tropentag, September 14-16, 2010, Zurich}}\\[1ex] \Large{``World Food System  ---\\A Contribution from Europe''\\[2ex]}}
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\begin{center}
\Large{\textbf{Measuring Water Footprints in Dairy Farms Worldwide: Implications for Food Security\footnote{\textbf{Contact Address:} Nadira Sultana, University of Kiel, IFCN Dairy Research Center, Kiel, Germany, \mbox{e-mail}: \email{nadira.sultana@ifcndairy.org}}\\[0.8ex]}}
\normalsize{\textsc{Nadira Sultana$^{1}$, Mohammad Mohi Uddin$^{2}$, Othman Alqaisi$^{1}$, Oghaiki Asaah Ndambi$^{1}$, Torsten Hemme$^{1}$}}
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\begin{itemize*}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{1}$University of Kiel, IFCN Dairy Research Center, Germany}}}
\item[]{\small{\textit{$^{2}$Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Dept.  Animal Breeding in the Tropics and Subtropics, Germany}}}
\end{itemize*}
\index[author]{Sultana, Nadira}
\index[author]{Uddin, Mohammad Mohi}
\index[author]{Alqaisi, Othman}
\index[author]{Ndambi, Oghaiki Asaah}
\index[author]{Hemme, Torsten}
\begin{center}
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\textbf{Abstract}
\begin{abstract}
\normalsize{
The increasing trend of worldwide water availability risk issues in dairying are becoming burgeoning important. In 2050, water availability is expected to decrease by 19--\mbox{35\,\%} due to climatic change and by \mbox{67\,\%} due to the expanding population.  The water crisis around the world is a potential threat toward achieving a Millennium Development Goal to cut the hunger people to a half in 2015. In order to ensure food security, it is necessary to ensure the optimum use of water in dairying.  Measuring water footprint might be the option for efficient water use in dairying. So far, there is very little effort made in the calculation of water footprint for dairy production. The aim of this study is to develop a method for calculating water footprint in dairying worldwide. 







The TIPI-CAL (Technology Impact Policy Impact Calculations model) of the International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN) was used to collect data and calculate variables of water footprint. The method was tested on 12 typical dairy farms from six developed countries: Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Canada, USA and New Zealand and six developing countries: Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Jordan, Czech Republic and Argentina.  







The results show that the milk yield per day varies between \mbox{2.6\,kg}  in Bangladesh  to \mbox{34\,kg}  in USA. The cows have the highest water requirement during lactation period. Cows in Bangladesh use \mbox{66\,\%} of their total requirement during lactation period compared to \mbox{97\,\%} in Jordan. The water use during dry period for Bangladesh was the highest (\mbox{33\,\%}) due to very long dry period. The water input per kg milk production varies from 430 liters in USA to 2400 liters in Pakistan. The water used for drinking and washing was 3.5 liters and 56.0 liters for Germany  and Pakistan. 







The study shows that feed production is the major driver for water use on dairy farms. The greatest challenges were in obtaining coefficients on water input for feed production and  water usage in dairy farms. The accurate measurement of water use in dairying can be a step towards achieving more efficient water use which will augment food production and thus ensure food security.



}

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\end{abstract}
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\noindent \textbf{Keywords:} Dairying, food security, water footprints
\index[key]{Dairying}
\index[key]{Food!security}
\index[key]{Water!footprints}
\end{document}