Tropentag, October 9 - 11, 2007 in Witzenhausen "Utilisation of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet human needs"

Gaseous Carbon and Nitrogen Losses in Urban Gardening of Niamey, Niger

¹University of Kassel, Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Germany
²University of Hohenheim, Soil Science and Petrography, Germany
³University of Kassel / University of Göttingen, Animal Husbandry in the Tropics and Subtropics, Germany

Abstract

Calculations of horizontal input and output balances in urban agriculture (UA) of Africa and Asia have indicated large nutrient surpluses whose fate, however, remains unclear. An INNOVA photo-acoustic infrared multi-gas monitor was used over 12 months to quantify gaseous emissions of CO₂, CH₄, NH₃ and N₂O in UA systems of Niamey, Niger. Measurements with the closed chamber system were taken in triplicate once every month for 10 min during the coldest (6-7:30 am) and hottest (13-14:30 pm) part of the day.
Morning ambient temperatures were 10-15°C in December and reached 30°C during the hot dry season (April-May). Afternoon temperatures peaked during the hot dry season at 48°C and dropped to 29-33°C in December. In the morning soil moisture at 6 cm depth varied from 0.2-14.6 vol% during the hot dry season and from 19.3-47.3 vol% in the rainy season. In the afternoons soil moisture reached 21 vol% in the hot dry season and 54 vol% in the rainy season.
Emissions of NH₃-N and N₂O-N and CO₂-C and CH₄-C were highest at the end of May and in August 2006. During these days the respective afternoon maxima reached 48 and 25 g N ha^-1 h^-1 and 6815 and 734 g C ha^-1 h^-1. The high flux rates at the onset of the rainy season were likely due to higher soil moisture and a man-made high nutrient concentration in the topsoil during these measurements, which preceded the next cropping season.
Extrapolated average morning emission rates of 21 kg N ha^-1 a^-1 and 20 490 kg C ha^-1 a^-1 and afternoon rates of 85 kg N ha^-1 a^-1 and 29 800 kg C ha^-1 a^-1 were up to two-fold higher than reported from irrigated oasis soils in Oman. These losses may be partly due to excessive fertilizer inputs and partly to ineffective nutrient management. In addition to the high volatilisation rates, on the sandy garden soils nutrient losses from leaching during the rainy season are also expected to be high but have not yet been quantified.

Keywords: Carbon, gaseous emissions, Niger, nitrogen, urban agriculture

Contact Address: Andreas Buerkert, University of Kassel, Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Steinstraße 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany, e-mail: buerkertuni-kassel.de